"The palæolithic hunter of the mid and late Pleistocene river-deposits in Europe belongs, as we have already shown, to a fauna which arrived in Britain before the lowering of the temperature produced glaciers and icebergs in our country; he may, therefore, be viewed as being probably pre-glacial."[1] Man had spread widely over the earth before the Drift; therefore, he had lived long on the earth. His remains have been found in Scotland, England, Ireland, France, Spain, Italy, Greece; in Africa, in Palestine, in India, and in the United States.[2] "Man was living in the valley of the lower Thames before the Arctic mammalia had taken full possession of [1. Dawkins's "Early Man in Britain," p. 169. 2. Ibid., pp. 165, 166.] {p. 122 } the valley of the Thames, and before the big-nosed rhinoceros had become extinct."[1] Mr. Tidderman[2] writes that, among a number of bones obtained during the exploration of the Victoria Cave, near Settle, Yorkshire, there is one which Mr. Busk has identified as _human_. Mr. Busk says: "The bone is, I have no doubt, human; a portion of an unusually clumsy fibula, and in that respect not unlike the same bone in the Mentone skeleton." The deposit from which the bone was obtained is overlaid "by a bed of stiff glacial clay, containing ice-scratched bowlders." "Here then," says Geikie, "is direct proof that men lived in England prior to the last inter-glacial period."[3] The evidences are numerous, as I have shown, that when these deposits came upon the earth the face of the land was above the sea, and occupied by plants and animals. ### SECTION AT ST. ACHEUL. The accompanying cut, taken from Sir John Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," page 364, represents the strata at St. Acheul, near Amiens, France. [1. Dawkins's "Early Man in Britain," p. 137. 2. "Nature," November 6, 1873. 3. "The Great Ice Age," p. 475.] {p. 123} The upper stratum (_a_) represents a brick earth, four to five feet in thickness, and containing a few angular flints. The next (_b_) is a thin layer of angular gravel, one to two feet in thickness. The next (_c_) is a bed of sandy marl, five to six feet in thickness. The lowest deposit (_d_) _immediately overlies the chalk_; it is a bed of partially rounded gravel, and, in this, _human implements of flint have been found_. The spot was used in the early Christian period as a cemetery; _f_ represents one of the graves, made fifteen hundred years ago; _e_ represents one of the ancient coffins, of which only the nails and clamps are left, every particle of the wood having perished. And, says Sir John Lubbock: "It is especially at the _lower part_" of these lowest deposits "that the flint implements occur." The bones of the mammoth, the wild bull, the deer, the horse, the rhinoceros, and the reindeer are found near the bottom of these strata mixed with the flint implements of men. "All the fossils belong to animals which live on land; . . . we find no marine remains."[2]