I beg the reader to remember these skulls when he comes to read, a little further on, the legend told by an American Indian tribe of California, describing the marriage between the daughter of the gods and a son of the grizzly bears, from which union, we are told, came the Indian tribes. These skulls represent creatures as far apart, I was about to say, as gods and bears. The "Engis skull," with its full frontal brain-pan, its fine lines, and its splendidly arched dome, tells us of ages of cultivation and development in some favored center of the race; while the horrible and beast-like proportions of "the Neanderthal skull" speak, with no less certainty, of undeveloped, brutal, savage man, only a little above the gorilla in capacity;--a prowler, a robber, a murderer, a cave-dweller, a cannibal, a Cain. {p. 126} We shall see, as we go on in the legends of the races on both sides of the Atlantic, that they all looked to some central land, east of America and west of Europe, some island of the ocean, where dwelt a godlike race, and where alone, it would seem, the human race was preserved to repeople the earth, while these brutal representatives of the race, the Neanderthal people, were crushed out. And this is not mere theorizing. It is conceded, as the result of most extensive scientific research: 1. That the great southern mammalia perished in Europe when the Drift came upon the earth. 2. It is conceded that these two skulls are associated with the bones of these locally extinct animals, mingled together in the same deposits. 3. The conclusion is, therefore, logically irresistible, that these skulls belonged to men who lived during or before the Drift Age. Many authorities support this proposition that man--palæolithic man, man of the mammoth and the mastodon--existed in the caves of Europe before the Drift. "After having occupied the English caves for untold ages, palæolithic man disappeared for ever, and with him vanished many animals now either locally or wholly extinct."[1] Above the remains of man in these caves comes a deposit of stalagmite, twelve feet in thickness, indicating a vast period of time during which it was being formed, and during this time _man was absent_.[2] Above this stalagmite comes another deposit of cave-earth: "The deposits immediately _overlying_ the stalagmite and cave-earth contain an almost _totally different assemblage_ [1. "The Great Ice Age," p. 411. 2. Ibid., p. 411.] {p. 127} _of animal remains_, along with relics of the neolithic, bronze, iron, and historic periods. "There is no passage, but, on the contrary, a _sharp and abrupt break_ between these later deposits and the underlying palæolithic accumulations."[1]