[94] I.C.C. Rep., No. 861; decided Aug. 23, 1906. [95] Chapters VII and XI. [96] Read testimony on p. 278, _infra_. [97] P. 325, _infra_. [98] Described in chap. X. [99] Procedure is described at p. 282, _infra_. [100] Admirably described in _Annals Amer. Acad. Pol. Science_, April 11, 1908; reprinted in our Railway Problems, rev. ed., Chap. XX. [101] Similarly in the South, p. 246; and also Texas rates on p. 393. [102] 5 I.C.C. Rep., 264; reprinted in Railway Problems, chap. VIII. [103] Theoretical explanation of the flat rate is offered in Chapters I and X. [104] Best described in McPherson, Railroad Freight Rates, 1909, pp. 67-70. The bitter opposition by New England senators in 1910 to amendment of the long and short haul clause is thus explained. [105] 7 I.C.C. Rep., 92. [106] P. 610, _infra_. [107] 23 I.C.C. Rep., 151 and 657. Also _ibid._, 404. [108] _Vide_ chapter on Localization of Industry in the Twelfth Census of Manufactures, I, pp. 190-214. [109] Int. Com. Rep., 214; reprinted in Railway Problems. A typical later one is 15 I.C.C. Rep., 351 and Opin. 817, 1909, p. 363. Also Ann. Rep., I.C.C., 1901 and 1902. Hammond, Railway Rate Theories, etc., 1911, p. 21; also, p. 160. [110] _Cf._ p. 31, _supra_. [111] I.C.C. Rep., No. 917; decided June 24, 1907. Later ones are in 10 _Idem_, 35 and 16 _Idem_, 73. [112] Older cases in Hammond Railway Rate Theories, etc., 1911, p. 45; such as 10 I.C.C. Rep., 428, etc. Later are 11 _Idem_, 296; 21 _Idem_, 491; 22 _Idem_, 77 and 160; and 23 _Idem_, 656. [113] The best accounts are in connection with the history of private car abuses. _Cf._ references on p. 192, _infra_. [114] U. S. Supreme Court decision in the Chicago Live Stock Exchange case in 1908; 209 U. S. 108. [115] 22 I.C.C. Rep., 160; 22 _Idem_, 656. [116] 14 I.C.C. Rep., 1-74. [117] _Cf._ Hammond, Railway Rate Theories, etc., 1911, pp. 14-17, mainly with reference to classification, however. [118] Testimony, vol. II, p. 1676. 11 I.C.C. Rep., pp. 212 and 220. CHAPTER V RATE MAKING IN PRACTICE (_Continued_) Effect of changing conditions, 147.--Lumber and paper rates, 148.-- Equalizing industrial conditions, 148.--Protecting shippers, 149.-- Pacific Coast lumber rates, 150.--Elasticity and quick adaptation, 152.--Rigidity and delicacy of adjustment, 153.--Transcontinental rate system, 154.--Excessive elasticity of rates, 155.--More stability desirable, 159.--Natural v. artificial territory and rates, 159.-- Economic waste, 159.--Inelastic conditions, 161.--Effect upon concentration of population, 162.--Competition in transportation and trade contrasted, 163.--No abandonment of field, 165.