From the survey of rebating and rate wars,--which latter of course afford the most favored soil in which personal favoritism may flourish,--one cannot avoid the conclusion that a great improvement in conditions has been brought about. The strengthened arm of the Federal government has come to the support of the carriers; and has assisted them to a material enhancement of their revenues, by putting a stop to serious leakages in income. But the carriers could undoubtedly do much on their own account, could they be granted the right to make traffic agreements, subject always, of course, to the approval and supervision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Whether Congress will ever permit this, remains to be seen. The most important result of all this Federal activity so far, has been the moral stimulus toward fair business dealing which has been given. Thousands of shippers today, quite apart from the fear of fines or imprisonment, would disdain to ask or accept favors which a decade since would have been regarded as entirely proper. No one can doubt that the morale of business is distinctly higher than it used to be. Could such higher standards become universal, the Department of Justice would be relieved of a substantial part of its present duties. FOOTNOTES: [162] 14 I. C. C. Rep., 250. Upheld by the Supreme Court in 1911; 219 U. S., 498. Also 23 _Idem_, 535. [163] Circular Letters of the Chicago Bureau of Car Performances; undated. [164] The latter half of chap. XII. [165] The chapter on reorganizations in vol. II will afford other instances with full references. Com. & Fin. Chron., LIX, p. 232. [166] 55th Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. doc., 39, p. 29. [167] Ann. Rep., I. C. C., 1896, p. 82: and 1897, p. 53. Fine cases in 1 I. C. C. Rep., 633-656. [168] Investigation of grain rates at Missouri river points; 54th Cong., 2nd Sess., Sen. doc. 115, pp. 17-22, etc. [169] 167 U. S. Rep., 633. [170] P. 211, _infra_. [171] On private car lines, Columbia University Studies, etc., LXXXI, 1908, p. 185. J. W. Midgley's Circular Letters as chief of the Bureau of Car Performances in 1901, costing him his position, by the way, are most significant. Car service reform resulted nevertheless. _Cf. Quarterly Journal of Economics_, 1904, p. 299. See pp. 96 and 140, _supra_. [172] U. S. Bureau of Corp., Rep. on Trans, of Petroleum, pp. 36, 60, 81, 88. [173] 10 I. C. C. Rep., 1, 148, 385 and 661: 18th Ann. Rep., I.C.C., 19 and 42: Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, pp. 2424-2495. Later cases discussed at p. 212, _infra_. [174] P. 212, _infra_. [175] P. 209, _infra_. [176] 11th Ann. Rep., I.C.C.; 16th _Idem_, p. 13; and 21st _Idem_, p. 14. [177] Bureau of Corp., Rep. on Trans, of Petroleum, 1905, p. 105 _et seq._ [178] 11 I.C.C. Rep., 438; _Cf._ 13 _Idem_, 70; and 19 _Idem_, 356. [179] Report on Discriminations and Monopolies in Coal and Oil; Jan. 25, 1907, pp. 1-81. [180] Ripley, Railway Problems, chap. II, fully described.