SECOND CHAMBER OF THE NETHERLANDS LEGISLATURE, SESSION OF 21st JUNE, 1869.—DISCUSSION ON THE ABOLITION OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF OBJECTS OF ART AND INDUSTRY—(PATENTS). M. VAN ZINNICQ BERGMANN was not sufficiently prepared for the discussion while the project was in Committee. He feels much sympathy for all such measures as tend to do away with impediments to trade and industry. At the same time, people ought to discriminate between the kind of protection which is a hindrance to industry, and may be called monopoly, and the one to which property is entitled on the part of the State. At this part of his speech the hon. member indulges in extensive remarks on the right of property. According to Roman law, the right of property was a “_jus quod natura omnia animalia docuit_.” But that definition is not a correct one, as the right of property is especially maintained in civilised society. After that, the hon. member launches himself into allegory. Try, quoth he, to drive the lion from his den; he will defend it until his last drop of blood! Look at the boy who snatches the young and tender bird from its nest; the mother will pursue the robber, and not leave him. Now, he should like to know whether an artist, an inventor, an author, has, or has not, a right of property in his work which entitles him to the benefits to be derived from it? This question he answers in the affirmative, and refers to Soy, Massé, and the “Assemblée Constituante” of France in December, 1791. And why should there be no right of property? Perhaps on account of an article in the Civil Code, which says, “_possession vaut titre_,” or of a restriction to a greater or smaller lapse of time? We are continually referred to England and the United States. But what is England? England is a country at the same time emancipated and in course of emancipation. Duly considered, England will be found to be, internally, in about the same state in which the Netherlands were before 1795, or before the end of the sixteenth century—(laughter)—but, the hon. member adds, always accompanied by such improvements as rulers have successively granted with regard to Patents. England may have had its commotions; but, nevertheless, charters have never been otherwise but granted, and the privileges, exacted though they may have been, were received at the hands of the King. And what have we been doing? We expelled our Stadholder, and got annexed to France; the principles of 1798 have taken root in our country, and continue to be the basis for present action. The hon. member further argues that Patents are granted to emancipated slaves, but free citizens take out “brévets d’invention.” He is of opinion that it is a wrong impression that Patents are to be placed upon a line with the abolition of guilds. There is no connexion whatever between these institutions, and this he demonstrates by reference to French authors. Even taking Michel Chevalier’s doctrines