After the close of the Civil War the construction of railroads rapidly increased, so that in 1890 the total miles of railway track in Ohio was 10,464, and the valuation for taxes was $102,950,642, a development in a single branch of industry far greater than in any other. This improvement led to the adoption of a system of free turnpikes in most of the counties in Ohio, constructed by local taxation, so that now Ohio is as well supplied with well- constructed turnpikes and railroads as any state in the Union, and perhaps, as well as many European states. Another great change in the industry of the people of Ohio rapidly followed the construction of railroads. Manufacturing establishments of almost every kind were rapidly constructed, mostly since the war. It appears by census, prior to 1890, that in 1850 the total value of manufactures of Ohio was $62,692,279; in 1860 it was $121,000,000; in 1870 it was $269,713,610; in 1880 it was $348,298,300. In 1890 it was over $500,000,000. During the single year 1889 there were incorporated over 400 new companies with a capital stock of $25,584,500. Almost every article needed for use by the people is thus produced at home, and great quantities of machinery, especially of farming machines of every variety, are exported to every state of the Union and to many foreign countries. The manufacturing industry has thus become second only to that of agriculture, and it is believed that, under the great impetus given by our protective laws, the time is not far distant when the value of manufactured products will be equal to, or greater than, the productions of the farm. The most striking result of the change in the industries of Ohio is the rapid increase of city population, compared with farming population. The following table will show the population of twenty cities, by the censuses of 1850 and 1890: 1850. 1890. Akron . . . . . . . 3,266 27,601 Canton . . . . . . 2,603 26,189 Chillicothe . . . . 7,100 11,288 Cincinnati . . . . 115,435 296,908 Columbus . . . . . 17,882 88,150 Cleveland . . . . 17,034 261,353 Dayton . . . . . . 10,977 61,220 Findlay . . . . . 1,256 18,553 Hamilton . . . . . 3,210 17,565 Ironton . . . . . ---- 10,939 Lima . . . . . . . 757 15,987 Mansfield . . . . 3,557 13,473 Newark . . . . . . 3,654 15,286 Portsmouth . . . . 4,011 12,394 Sandusky . . . . . 5,087 18,471 Springfield . . . 5,108 31,895 Steubenville . . . 6,140 13,394 Tiffin . . . . . . 2,718 10,801 Toledo . . . . . . 3,829 81,434 Zanesville . . . . 7,929 21,009 221,553 1,053,910 While the aggregate population of Ohio has increased 185 per cent. since 1850, that of the cities named has increased 475 per cent.