out of account the smaller units of which the protoplasm is supposed to be built up and we can neglect them, if for no other reason than this, that the argument that has called them into existence starts out with the cell as the highest unit. If the cell can be thrown out, most probably the units of which the cell itself is supposed to be made up can be safely disregarded also. It may be objected that only through a knowledge of the minute structure of the organism can we hope to understand the behavior of the whole; but my point of view is not that there may not be a fundamental structure, but that this is not formed by a repetition of elements, which give to the whole its fundamental properties. It can be shown, I think, with some probability that the forming organism is of such a kind that we can better understand its action when we consider it as a whole and not simply as the sum of a vast number of smaller elements. To draw again a rough parallel; just as the properties of sugar are peculiar to the molecule and cannot be accounted for as the sum total of the properties of the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of which the molecule is made up, so the properties of the organism are connected with its whole organization and are not simply those of its individual cells, or lower units. The strongest evidence in favor of this view is found in the behavior of small pieces of an egg, or of a protozoon, or even of a many-celled organism. A lower limit of organization is very soon reached, below which the piece fails to produce the characteristic form, although all the necessary elements are present in the piece to produce the entire structure. The size of these pieces is enormously large as compared with the size of the cell, or of the imaginary elements of Nägeli, Weismann, Wiesner, etc. These results indicate that the organization is a comparatively large structure.