The results of our examination show that those forms that are liable to
have certain parts of their bodies injured are able to regenerate not
only these parts, but at the same time other parts of the body that are
not subject to injury. The most remarkable instance of this sort is
found in those animals having breaking-joints. In these forms, we find
that regeneration takes place both proximal and distal to this region.
If the power of regeneration is connected with the liability of a part
to injury, this fact is inexplicable.
Turning now to the question as to whether regeneration takes place in
those species that are subject to injury more frequently or better than
in other species, we find that the data are not very complete or
satisfactory for such an examination. It is not easy to ascertain to
what extent different animals are exposed to injury. If we pass in
review the main groups of the animal kingdom, we can at least glean some
interesting facts in this connection.
In the protozoa nucleated pieces have been found to regenerate in all
forms that have been examined, including amœba, difflugia,
thalassicolla, paramœcium, stentor, and a number of other ciliate
infusoria.
In the sponges it has been found by Oscar Schmidt that pieces may
produce new individuals, but how widely this occurs in the group is not
known. In the cœlenterates many forms are known to regenerate, and it is
not improbable that in one way or another the process occurs throughout
the group. The hydroid forms, hydra, tubularia, parypha, eudendrium,
antennularia, hydractinia, podocoryne, etc., the jelly-fish,
gonionemus, and certain members of the family _Thaumantidæ_, have been
found to regenerate. Amongst the _Scyphozoa_, metridium, cerianthus, and
the scyphistoma of aurelia regenerate, and the jelly-fishes belonging to
this group have a limited amount of regenerative power.
In the platodes we find that all the triclads, thus far examined,
including planaria, phagocata, dendrocœlum, and the land triclad,
bipalium, regenerate. It has been shown that the marine triclads also
regenerate, but less rapidly and extensively, while the marine polyclads
have very limited powers of regeneration. The regeneration of the
trematodes and cestodes has not, so far as I know, been studied, neither
have the nematodes been examined from this point of view.
Some of the nemerteans regenerate, others do not seem to have this
power. A small fresh-water form, tetrastemma, that I examined, did not
regenerate, although some of the pieces, that were filled with eggs,
remained alive for several months.
In the annelids we find a great many forms that regenerate--many marine
polychæta have this power; all oligochæta that have been studied
regenerate; both land forms, like lumbricus, allolobophora, etc., and
fresh-water forms, like lumbriculus, nais, tubifex, etc.
In the crustacea the appendages have the power to regenerate in all the
forms that have been examined.
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