[66] The most satisfactory recent study on the worship of ancestors and of the dead, is that by Dr. S. R. Steinmetz in his _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_, Bd. i., ss. 141-287 (Leiden, 1894). [67] Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, pp. 121, 165, 199, 207, etc.; Howitt in _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_, vol. xiii., p. 186. If one wakes a sleeper suddenly, he may die, as his vagrant soul may not get back in time. Von den Steinen, _Naturvölker Zentral-Brasiliens_, p. 510. In all these primitive views the real soul is regarded as merely a tenant of the body (not a function or the result of functions), as it is to-day in the popular religions of civilised lands. [68] The fear of ghosts in civilised countries is the survival of a wide-spread, ancient belief in the malevolence of souls. I have found no instance of this more striking than among the Finns. They believed that the souls of the dead lie in wait for the living, in order to kill and eat them, especially their hearts and lungs, so that the slain could not live again. The ghosts did not spare their nearest relatives, and the story is told of an old man, who warned his beloved young wife not to follow his corpse to the grave, or his ghost would eat her. She disobeyed, and saved herself only by pronouncing the name of God. _Cong. Internat. d’Archéologie de Moscou_, Tom. ii., p. 316. In about one third of known savage tribes, the ghosts are considered kind and friendly to the survivors. See Steinmetz’s analysis in his _Entwicklung der Strafe_, Bd. i., s. 142, _sq._ [69] Friedrich Freihold, _Die Lebensgeschichte der Menschheit_, Bd. i., s. 35. [70] Baiame is from the verb bhai. _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_, vol. viii., p. 242. The “Nurali” of the Murray River tribes is also an embodiment of light. B. B. Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, vol. i., p. 423. [71] Gill, _Myths and Songs_, p. 13; Fornander, _The Polynesian Race_, vol. iii., p. 153. [72] Gill, _ubi supra_, pp. 3, 17, 44. [73] E. W. Man, in _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_, vol. xii., p. 166. [74] Th. Hahn, _Tsuni ǁGoam_, pp. 124, 126. [75] Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 186; _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_, vol. x., p. 285. [76] _Myths of the New World_, pp. 97, 165, etc. [77] Fornander, _Polynesian Race_, vol. i., p. 78; Gill, _Myths and Songs_, p. 18. [78] Musters, _Among the Patagonians_, ch. v.; Ling Roth, _Natives of Sarawak_, vol. ii., App., p. clxx.; Hahn, _Tsuni ǁGoam_, p. 37. [79] Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 189. [80] Castren observes: “Es hat innerhalb der weitgestreckten Gränzen Asiens kaum ein einziges Volk gegeben, welches nicht den Himmel verehrt hätte.”—_Finnische Mythologie_, p. 14. He might as well have said, “the habitable globe” instead of Asia only. [81] Matthew, v., 34. [82] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 62, _seq._ [83] Gill, _ubi supra_, pp. 10-14; Sir George Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, ch. i. [84] B. Brough Smith, _Aborigines of Victoria_, vol. i., p. 457.