[256] This has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt by Dr. S. K. Steinmetz in a remarkable study of “Endo-cannibalismus,” in the _Archiv für Anthropologie_, 1896. [257] Granger, _ubi supra_, p. 37. The word “burial” in ethnology is used to denote all modes of disposal of the corpse. This is etymologically correct. See Yarrow, _Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians_, p. 5. [258] Navarrete, _Viages_, tom. iii., p. 401; Dumont, _Mems. Hist. sur la Louisiane_, tom. i., p. 178; Gumilla, _Hist. del Orinoco_, p. 201. Coréal says, the widows esteemed it a privilege to be buried with the corpse and disputed among themselves for the honour, _Voiages_, tom. ii., pp. 93, 94. The Taenzas had the same customs as the Natchez, Tonty, _Mémoire_, in French, _Hist. Colls. of Louisiana_, p. 61. [259] Arthur J. Evans, in _Proc. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1896, Sect. H. [260] Stephen Powers, _Indians of California_, pp. 181, 207. The Tasmanians and Fuegians, probably the lowest of known tribes, burned their dead. Hyades et Deniker, _Mission Scientifique_, p. 379; Fenton, _History of Tasmania_, p. 95. Some tribes gave as a reason for burning their dead that otherwise bears and wolves would eat the corpse, and the soul would be obliged to take on their forms.—_Pres. Message and Ac. Docs._, 1851, pt. iii., p. 506. [261] Alonso de la Peña Montenegro, _Itinerario para Parrocos de Indios_, p. 185 (Madrid, 1771). [262] Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 263. [263] K. T. Preuss, in the _Bastian Festschrift_. [264] _Anthropologie des Naturvölker_, Bd. i., p. 459. [265] The application of the blood, observes Professor Granger, “bound together in some way those who were present at the rite” (_Worship of the Romans_, p. 210). This subject is fully discussed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull in his works, _The Blood Covenant_, and _The Threshold Covenant_. [266] Castren, in the Introduction to his _Finnische Mythologie_, has some excellent remarks on the beneficial effects of shamanism. It is an effort to free the human mind from the shackles of blind natural forces; it recognises the dependence of the subjective on an objective will, etc. [267] _Myth and Science_, p. 41. [268] Hahn, _Tsuni ǁGoam_, p. 21. [269] Ling Roth, _Natives of Sarawak_, vol. i., pp. 259, 271, 282; vol. ii., App., p. clxxv. [270] Walthouse, in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. v., p. 415. [271] Nuñez de la Vega, _Constituciones Diocesanas de Chiapas_, fol. 9. [272] The locally famous Maria Candelaria. At the head of fifteen thousand warriors, she defied the Spanish army for nearly a year, and, though defeated, was never captured. Her story is scantily recorded by Vicente Pineda, in his _Historia de las Sublevaciones Indigenas en el Estado de Chiapas_, pp. 38-70. [273] Otfried Müller, _Die Etrusker_, Bd. ii., ss. 77, 78. [274] Compare Keary, _Outlines of Primitive Belief_, p. 60; and Maury, _La Magie et Astrologie_, p. 386, _sq._