[38] The churches and palaces of Lombardy are peculiarly rich in this kind of decoration. The façade of the Oratory of S. Bernardino at Perugia, designed and executed by Agostino di Duccio, is a masterpiece of rare beauty in this style. [39] Not to mention the Renaissance mosaics of S. Mark's at Venice, the cupola of S. Maria del Popolo at Rome, executed in mosaic by Raphael, deserves special mention. A work illustrative of this cupola is one of Ludwig Grüner's best publications. [40] South Italy and Florence are distinguished by two marked styles in this decoration of inlaid marbles or _opera di commesso_. Compare the Medicean chapel in S. Lorenzo, for instance, with the high altar of the cathedral of Messina. [41] The roof of the Duomo at Volterra is a fine specimen. [42] It will not be forgotten that Raphael's cartoons were made for tapestry. [43] Bramante Lazzari was born at Castel Durante, near Urbino, in 1444. He spent the early years of his architect's life in Lombardy, in the service of Lodovico Sforza, and came probably to Rome upon his patron's downfall in 1499. [44] See Vol. I., _Age of the Despots_, p. 342. [45] See Vol. I., _Age of the Despots_, p. 344. See Gregorovius, _Geschichte der Stadt Rom_, vol. viii. p. 127, and the quotation there translated from Pallavicini's _History of the Council of Trent_. [46] See Vol. I., _Age of the Despots_, pp. 296-298. Vol. II., _Revival of Learning_, pp. 161-166. For his architectural designs see his Life, by Manetti, book ii., in Muratori, vol. iii. part ii. [47] Gregorovius, vol. vii. p. 638. [48] Besides the great work of Bonanni, _Templi Vaticani Historia_, I may refer my readers to the atlas volume of _Illustrations, Architectural and Pictorial, of the Genius of Michael Angelo Buonarroti_, compiled by Mr. Harford (Colnaghi, 1857). Plates 1 to 7 of that work are devoted to the plans of S. Peter's. Plate 4 is specially interesting, since it represents in one view the old basilica and the design of Bramante, together with those of Antonio di S. Gallo and Michael Angelo. [49] The subterranean vaults of S. Peter's contain mere fragments of tombs, some precious as historical records, some valuable as works of art, swept together pell-mell from the ruins of the old basilica. [50] See the original letter to Ammanati, published from the Archivio Buonarroti, by Signor Milanesi, p. 535. [51] I am far from meaning that the earlier architects had not been guided by ancient authors. Alberti's _Treatise on the Art of Building_ is a sufficient proof of their study of Vitruvius, and we know that Fabio Calvi translated that writer into Italian for Raphael. In the later Renaissance this study passed into purism. [52] It must be confessed that this grandiose and picturesque structure is but a shell to mask an earlier Gothic edifice. [53] Compare Vol. II., _Revival of Learning_, p. 370, for the same transference of power in literature from Central to Northern Italy at this time.