all "species bonæ" were "malæ." There may be observed in the manifold skeletal forms of the Radiolaria, on the one hand, the utmost accuracy of configuration, and on the other, the greatest variability, and hence a careful comparative study of them leads to a firm conviction of the gradual "Transformation of Species," and of the truth of the "Theory of Descent." 157. _Palæontological Development._--The palæontology of the Radiolaria already offers very considerable material for study; but in consequence of its incompleteness this is of little value for the study of the phylogeny of the class. By far the larger portion of the fossil Radiolaria belong to the Tertiary period; only quite recently have numerous well-preserved fossil Radiolaria been described from the Mesozoic period, and especially from the Jura. Of Palæozoic Radiolaria (from the coal measures) only slight traces are known. Moreover, the fossil Radiolaria hitherto known have been found only in very circumscribed and widely separated localities. The majority of all the species belong to the small island of Barbados. Although our palæontological acquaintance with the Radiolaria must necessarily be incomplete for this reason, it is still more so since at least thirty out of the eighty-five families (that is more than a third) could not possibly leave any fossil remains, either because they possess no skeleton, or because of its chemical composition. Of the four legions of the Radiolaria, the ACANTHARIA (on account of the solubility of their astroid acanthin skeletons) have entirely vanished and have never been found fossil. Of the PHÆODARIA, whose silicate skeleton is not as a rule capable of fossilisation, only one section (Dictyochida) of a single family (Cannorrhaphida) has been observed fossil. Hence the fossil remains of the Radiolaria belong almost exclusively to the two legions, SPUMELLARIA and NASSELLARIA, which were formerly united under the term "Polycystina." Among these, however, the skeletonless Thalassicollida, Collozoida, and Nassellida could leave no traces. Hence there only remain fifty-five families of which we might expect to find fossil siliceous skeletons. Even of these, however, scarcely the half are certainly known in the fossil condition, whilst of the remainder nothing certain is known; for example, of the large order #Larcoidea# (among the SPUMELLARIA) and of the #Stephoidea# (among the NASSELLARIA) with a few isolated exceptions, no fossils are known. The great majority of fossil Radiolaria belong to the two NASSELLARIAN orders #Cyrtoidea# and #Spyroidea# (two relatively very highly developed groups); next to these follow the orders {cv}#Discoidea# and #Sphæroidea# among the SPUMELLARIA. From these palæontological facts it is obvious that our present very incomplete acquaintance with the fossil Radiolaria is quite insufficient to warrant us in drawing any conclusions from it