(5) Excessive seed production and slight mobility lead to the imperfect ecesis of individuals in dense stands, and in consequence usually produce great instability. (6) Each pioneer produces about itself a tiny area of ecesis and stabilization for its own offspring, for the disseminules of its fellows, or of invaders. (7) Species propagating by offshoots, or producing relatively immobile disseminules in small number, usually show effective ecesis, as the offspring appear within the area of the reaction of the parent forms. V. Stabilization. (1) Stabilization is the universal tendency of vegetation. (2) The ultimate stage of a succession is determined by the dominant vegetation of the region. Lichen formations are often ultimate in polar and niveal zones; grassland is the final vegetation for plains and alpine stretches, and for much prairie, while forest is the last stage for mesophytic midlands and lowlands, as well as for subalpine regions. (3) Grassland or forest is the usual terminus of a succession; they predominate in lands physiographically mature. (4) The limit of a succession is determined in large part by the progressive increase in occupation, which makes the entrance of invaders more and more difficult. (5) Stabilization proceeds radiately from the pioneer plants or masses. The movement of offshoots is away from the parent mass, and the chances of ecesis are greatest near its edges, in a narrow area in which the reaction is still felt, and the occupation is not exclusive. VI. General laws. (1) The stages, or formations, of a succession are distinguished as initial (_prodophytia_), intermediate (_ptenophytia_), and ultimate (_aiphytia_). (2) Initial formations are open, ultimate formations are closed. (3) The number of species is small in the initial stages; it attains a maximum in intermediate stages; and again decreases in the ultimate formation, on account of the dominance of a few species. (4) The normal sequence of vegetation forms in succession is: (1) algae, fungi, mosses; (2) annuals and biennials; (3) perennial herbs; (4) bushes and shrubs; (5) trees. (5) The number of species and of individuals in each stage increases constantly up to a maximum, after which it gradually decreases before the forms of the next stage. The interval between two maxima is occupied by a mixed formation. (6) A secondary succession does not begin with the initial stage of the primary one which it replaces, but usually at a much later stage.