EXERCISES, VOCAL: I, to establish nasal and head resonance, 58-61; for speakers, 60, 61; II, to establish head and nasal resonance, 61; III, IV, V, upper resonance, 62-64; VI, to enlarge the throat and thus magnify the tone, 64; VII, for production of the vowel sounds in proper focus, 65; VIII, to enlarge the throat and focus the vowels, 66; IX, quick changing notes without changing resonance, 67; X, for agility, 67, 68; XI, to develop the use of the lips and under jaw, 68, 69; XII, for facility and quick vowel change, 69, 70; XIII, ascending and descending scale, 71; XIV, the long scale, 71; additional, 72, 73; repose as a preparation for, 80. EXPIRATION, muscles of, 23, 24; under controlled pressure, 24; described, 25; the lungs in, 25; illustrated, 28, 29. FACE, training muscles of, 15. FARINELLI, breath control of, 36. FFRANGCON-DAVIES, on pronunciation, 18; on registers, 39; on function of ear in voice training, 57; definition of singing of, 83. FOCUSING THE VOICE (see _Voice placing_). FORBES-ROBERTSON, on diction, 19. FORMES, CARL, voice of, in declining years, 4. FREEDOM IN SINGING, 84. FRONTAL SINUSES, function of, 12; illustration of, 7. GARCIA, MANUEL, inventor of laryngoscope, 2; use of laryngoscope, 2; Sir Charles Stanley on, 3. GOUNOD, on pronunciation, 19. HALF-BREATH, Sembrich and, 37. HARD PALATE, function of, 12. HARSHNESS, an indication of tension, 56. HEAD CAVITIES, a resonator for the voice, 6; effect of, on resonance, 12. HEAD TONES, in previous years, 2; wrongly termed, 5. HELMHOLTZ, on pitch of vowel sounds, 20; on acoustics, 43, 49. HENDERSON, W.J., on pronunciation, 18. HIGH TONES, breath control necessary for, 27. HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, on Edward Everett's voice, 16. HYOID BONE, 8, 10. I-sound, described, 21. IMPATIENCE, a deterrent to beautiful singing, 84. INSPIRATION, muscles of, 23, 24; process of, described, 25; illustrated, 28, 29. (See also _Breath control_ and _Breathing_.) INSTRUMENT, MUSICAL, elements of, 43, 44. INTENSITY, INVOLVING STRAIN, a deterrent to beautiful singing, 84. KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS, instruction by, 78. KOENIG, on pitch of vowel sounds, 20. LARYNGOSCOPE, and registers, 2; Garcia the inventor of, 2; usefulness of, 2; limitations of, 3; disappointing results of, 38; not an instrument for the singer, 51. LARYNX, moving, 3; viewed through the laryngoscope, 3; illustrated, 7; description of, 8, 9; relation of size of, to pitch, 9; automatic action of, 38; not alone the vocal organ, 50; reflex action of, 51; force of tone does not originate in, 75; must be left uncramped, 75. LATERAL ABDOMINAL BREATHING, 3, 25, 28. LEHMANN, MADAME LILLI, on use of Ah, 19; on registers, 39; on nasal resonance, 54. LIFE'S PERIODS, 79. LIND, JENNY, effects of wrong methods on, 4. LIPS, in articulation, 14; position of, 20-22; illustrated, 21, 22.