A similar calculation holds true with regard to the water-vapor and oxygen. For convenience in calculating, the amounts of water-vapor and carbon dioxide residual in the chamber are usually expressed in grams, while the oxygen is expressed in liters. Hence, before making the additions or subtractions from the amount of oxygen admitted, the variations in the amount of oxygen residual in the system should be converted from liters to grams. This is done by dividing by 0.7. CONTROL EXPERIMENTS WITH BURNING ALCOHOL. After having brought to as high a degree of perfection as possible the apparatus for determining carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen, it becomes necessary to submit the apparatus to a severe test and thus demonstrate its ability to give satisfactory results under conditions that can be accurately controlled. The liberation of a definite amount of carbon dioxide from a carbonate by means of acid has frequently been employed for controlling an apparatus used for researches in gaseous exchange, but this only furnishes a definite amount of carbon dioxide and throws no light whatever upon the ability of the apparatus to determine the other two factors, water-vapor and oxygen. Some of the earlier experimenters have used burning candles, but these we have found to be extremely unsatisfactory. The necessity for an accurate elementary analysis, the high carbon content of the stearin and paraffin, and the possibility of a change in the chemical composition of the material all render this method unfit for the most accurate testing. As a result of a large number of experiments with different materials, we still rely upon the use of ethyl alcohol of known water-content. The experiments with absolute alcohol and with alcohol containing varying amounts of water showed no differences in the results, and hence it is now our custom to obtain the highest grade commercial alcohol, determine the specific gravity accurately, and burn this material. We use the Squibb pyknometer[28] and thereby can determine the specific gravity of the alcohol to the fifth or sixth decimal place with a high degree of accuracy. Using the alcoholometric tables of Squibb[29] or Morley,[30] the percentage of alcohol by weight is readily found, and from the chemical composition of the alcohol can be computed not only the amount of carbon dioxide and water-vapor formed and oxygen absorbed by the combustion of 1 gram of ethyl hydroxide containing a definite known amount of water, but also the heat developed during its combustion.