[177.1] Lloyd, 397. According to another account, “when it thunders the Bushmen are very angry and curse bitterly, thinking that the storm is occasioned by some evil being” (Thunberg, ii., 163). [177.2] Hollis, _Nandi_, 9, 99. [177.3] _J. A. I._, xliii. 49. [177.4] _Jes. Rel._, xii. 25. [177.5] J. A. Mason, _Univ. Cal. Pub._, x. 185. [178.1] Lozano, _Desc. Chorographica del Gran Chaco_ (1733), 71, quoted Payne, i. 391 note. [178.2] Payne, _l.c._ [178.3] _Int. Arch._, Suppl., xiii. 88. [179.1] Neuhauss, iii. 157. I may refer also to the account of a young Kayan brave in Borneo taking his arms and sallying forth to fight the Thunder-god (_Int. Arch._, xxi. 139). But further examples are unnecessary. [180.1] Frazer, _Magic Art_, i. 327 _sqq._ [180.2] Von Alpenburg, 262, 365. Many such knives are to be found in peasants’ houses in the Lower Inn valley. In the Netherlands these whirlwinds are held to be “the Travailing Mother,” who seems to be a woman dead in childbirth unconfessed of mortal sin. She cannot be received into heaven. She is equally denied a place in hell, since her sufferings and death have already provided a sufficient penance. Hence she wanders about, seeking an abiding-place (Wolf, _Niederl. Sag._, 616). Women who die in childbirth are commonly considered very dangerous ghosts. See below, p. 213. [181.1] Farnell, _Evol._, 43. _Cf._ Miss Harrison, _Prolegomena_, 101. [181.2] I have discussed similar practices, _Prim. Pat._, i. 102. See also Mannhardt, _Myth. Forsch._, 113 _sqq._; Frazer, _Scapegoat_, 255. These contain a large collection of examples, which put the magical and purificatory purpose beyond doubt. [182.1] _Mélusine_, ii. 187, quoting the passage. [182.2] _Journ. Am. F. L._, xxiii. 416, 418. [182.3] Lumholtz, ii. 342, 422. [183.1] _Rev. Trad. Pop._, xi. 663. Vâlmiki, the Indian epic poet, author of the _Rámáyana_, is said to have owed his birth to a similar blunder by a saint who was the object of prayers by two sisters-in-law, and mistook the maiden for the married woman (Harikishan Kaul, _Ind. Cens. Rep._, 1911, xiv. 131, citing Vaman Shiva Ram Apte’s _Sanskrit Dictionary_). [184.1] Turner, _R. B. E._, xi. 194. [184.2] M. Friedrich, _Anthropos_, ii. 101. [185.1] _Anthropos_, vii. 74. [185.2] Thurston, _Castes_, vi. 85. [186.1] Dr H. ten Kate, _Anthropos_, vii. 396. _Cf._ Aston, _Shinto_, 189. [186.2] Wiedemann, _op. cit._, 178. Bérenger-Feraud, _Superst._, i. 451 _sqq._, gives a long list of examples of punishments inflicted on the obdurate divinity. See also Frazer, _Magic Art_, i. 296; Tylor, _Prim. Cul._, ii. 155-7, and the numerous authorities there referred to; Grimm, _Teut. Myth._, ii. 767 note. [187.1] _F. L._, viii. 349. [187.2] Weeks, 271. [187.3] Frazer, _Scapegoat_, _passim._ [188.1] Morris, _Ere_, 151.