Ritual and belief : $b Studies in the history of religionHartland, Edwin Sidney
Religion
Ritual and belief : $b Studies in the history of religion
Hartland, Edwin Sidney
Ethnopsychology; Magic; Religion; Rites and ceremonies
It may be so. It may be another illustration of the fluidity of the
concept of personality. But what we have already learned of _mana_ may
lead us to place another interpretation upon it. It was not merely the
gods whose influence or personality was conveyed by contact. The king
in his turn spread an awful influence in the same way, or even by the
utterance of a word. In New Zealand “the garments of an _ariki_, or
high chief, were _tapu_, as well as everything relating to him; they
could not be worn by anyone else, lest they should kill him.” If a
single drop of a high chief’s blood flowed on anything, it consecrated
the object to him, or, as the natives phrased it, rendered it _tapu_.
This consequence resulted to everything touched by him, to everything
to which he chose to affix his name or the name of one of his
ancestors. He could not eat with his wife, lest his sanctity should
kill her, though she herself was by marriage consecrated to him. Nor
was the sanctity by any means confined to the highest chiefs. It
extended downwards to the lower ranks, but always in a decreasing
measure. It mainly depended on rank and influence;[57.1] it could be
none other than the effect of _mana_.
Between _mana_, however, and personality the dividing line is very
thin. We find it the same in other parts of the world. Father De
Acosta relates that upon the even of his feast the Mexican idol
Tezcatlipuca was furnished with a new robe. When it was put on, the
old robe was taken off “and kept with as much or more reverence than
we doe our ornaments.” Ecclesiastical ornaments of course are meant;
and the writer goes on to say that “there were in the coffers of the
idoll many ornaments, iewelles, eareings, and other riches, as
bracelets and pretious feathers, which served to no other vse than to
be {58} there, and was [_sic_] worshipped as their god it
selfe.”[58.1] Here the ornaments would seem to all intents identified
with the god, exactly as the red feathers of the Tahitian god are
“inhabited” by him. The explanation of the one is the explanation of
the other. The same ambiguity is discoverable in a much higher
civilization than either the Polynesian or the Mexican. Down to the
end of the eighteenth century Breton women, in order to secure a happy
delivery, used to dip their girdles in certain sacred fountains; and
even to-day the expectant mother who can wrap around her body a ribbon
thus dipped is sure in due course to bring into the world a robust
child, and that without danger to herself.[58.2] This we may be
inclined to think an example of an impersonal power analogous to that
of the Siouan _wakonda_ or the Algonkian _manitou_. But we can carry
the matter a step further. The Ursuline nuns of Quintin keep a girls’
school of high reputation in Brittany. When one of their pupils has
married and become pregnant, they sometimes send her as a special
favour a ribbon which has touched a reliquary containing a fragment of
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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