Robert Fulton and the SubmarineParsons, William Barclay
History
Robert Fulton and the Submarine
Parsons, William Barclay
Fulton, Robert, 1765-1815; Submarines (Ships)
The “Descriptions” that Fulton left in England were in two parts, of
which the first is a recital of his negotiations and work, and the
second a minute description of the boat and bombs. Both parts are wholly
in Fulton’s handwriting and cover twelve double sheets of paper, five
for the first and seven for the second part. The sheets are 14¾ inches
high with a double or folded width of 19⅛ inches. The writing is on both
sides of the sheets, so that exclusive of the outside pages, which are
left blank, except for the descriptive recital on page 1 of the first
part, there are 43 pages of writing. There are from 26 to 28 lines to a
page with a margin of 2 inches on the left-hand side, and about 8 words
to a line. The paper is heavy hand-made linen, slightly off the white in
color with gilt on the edges. One-half of each sheet is water-marked
with a design composed of a crown and fleur-de-lys surmounting the
letters P & B, the other half of the sheet being water-marked Portal &
Co. 1796.
The drawings are water-colored and are on sheets of heavy Bristol paper
measuring 22¼ × 18¾ inches. As will be seen each one is dated and signed
by Fulton.
The “Bond and Contract” to which reference is made was found in 1812
among the papers of Lord Melville and was then deposited by his
executors in the Public Record office. With the exception of the
Admiralty CIRCULAR given on page 52, the contemporaneous archives of the
government contain little concerning Fulton’s work, and are in this
respect quite different from the French records. The explanation is that
the British ministers were fearful lest information regarding the
submarine should transpire to their detriment. They, therefore, treated
all correspondence as confidential and kept letters and other documents
in their personal rather than official files. In fact Fulton adopted the
pseudonym of “Robert Francis,” a designation that was frequently, though
not exclusively, used by both the Government officials and himself in
correspondence during the years 1804–1806.
The “Contract” was Fulton’s own conception in form and substance, the
government accepting the terms that he proposed. This is shown by his
notes and copies of letters that still exist.
Lord Hawkesbury who had induced Fulton to leave France for England was
Robert Banks Jenkinson (1770–1828). His father, created Lord Hawkesbury
in 1786 and Earl of Liverpool in 1796, had served as Secretary for War
from 1778 and therefore during the greater part of the American
Revolution. The son, using his father’s junior title of Lord Hawkesbury,
became Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1801 in the Addington ministry.
As such Secretary, he would be the one to open negotiations with Fulton
in Paris.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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