to be within the praetor’s sphere of competence, i.e. within a single milestone of the city; they were, to use the technical Roman expression, _judicia legitima_. No trace whatever has been preserved of the criminal procedure applied to such communities. The fact that the praefect was the delegate of a civil magistrate would not prove that he was incapable of exercising criminal jurisdiction, for _jurisdictio_ of every kind is latent in the praetor’s _imperium_. All higher jurisdiction was reserved for the people; but there was only one _populus Romanus_, that of the city of Rome. Hence when the citizen of Ostia or Tusculum was accused of an offence, the penalty for which demanded a popular sanction, we may assume that he could either make the appeal, through a fiction like that underlying the civil jurisdiction, in spite of his local separation from Rome, or that he stepped, or was brought within, the first milestone of the city, the limit inside which the _provocatio_ could legally be made. The second type of _cives_ are those without the right of suffrage (_sine suffragio_). There can be little question that the idea of this _status_ was derived from Rome’s relations with the cities of the Latin league; in her process of absorption, however, she conferred it on towns to which she did not grant the other typically Latin rights; in this way she made of it an independent _status_. The Etruscan town of Caere is said to have won this right in 353 as a gift for good service to Rome. After the dissolution of the Latin league in 338 B.C. a group of Campanian townships, Capua, Cumae, Atella, and Calatia, were with (the then Latin) Fundi and Formiae brought into this relation with the now dominant city of Latium;[1420] others nearer home, such as Arpinum of the Volsci, were similarly rewarded or absorbed (303 B.C.),[1421] while the _status_ was imposed as a means of degrading and reducing to impotence rebellious townships such as Anagnia, the leading city of the Hernici.[1422] The motive of the conferment, although it might make a difference to the rights of the towns, produced none in the relations of their respective _cives_ to Rome.