Roman Society from Nero to Marcus AureliusDill, Samuel
Philosophy
Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius
Dill, Samuel
Rome -- Religion; Rome -- Social life and customs
Although he was probably a very light believer in the old mythology,(500)
and treated its greatest figures with scant respect, Juvenal had all the
old Roman prejudice against those eastern worships which captivated so
many women of his day. And, here again, the satirist is assailing a
movement which had set in long before he wrote, and which was destined to
gain immense impetus and popularity in the two following centuries. The
eunuch priests of the Great Mother, with their cymbals and Phrygian
tiaras, had appeared in Italy in the last years of the Hannibalic
War.(501) The early years of the second century B.C. were convulsed by the
scandals and horrors of the Dionysiac orgies, which fell on Rome like a
pestilence.(502) The purity of women and the peace of families were in
serious danger, till the mischief was stamped out in blood. The worship of
Isis found its way into the capital at least as early as Sulla, and defied
the hesitating exclusion of Augustus.(503) At this distance, we can see
the _raison d’être_ of what the satirist regarded as religious
aberrations, the full treatment of which must be reserved for another
chapter. The world was in the throes of a religious revolution, and
eagerly in quest of some fresh vision of the Divine, from whatever quarter
it might dawn. The cults of the East seemed to satisfy cravings and
emotions, which found no resting-place in the national religion. Their
ritual appealed to the senses and imagination, while their mysteries
seemed to promise a revelation of God and immortality. Their strange
mixture of the sensuous and the ascetic was specially adapted to fascinate
weak women who had deeply sinned, and yet occasionally longed to repent.
The repentance indeed was often shallow enough; the fasting and
mortification were compatible with very light morals.(504) There were the
gravest moral abuses connected with such worships as that of Magna Mater.
It is well known that the temples of Isis often became places of
assignation and guilty intrigue.(505) An infatuated Roman lady in the
reign of Tiberius had been seduced by her lover in the pretended guise of
the god Anubis.(506) The Chaldaean seer or the Jewish hag might often
arouse dangerous hopes, or fan a guilty passion by casting a horoscope or
reading a dream.(507) But Juvenal’s scorn seems to fall quite as heavily
on the innocent votary who was striving to appease a burdened conscience,
as on one who made her superstition a screen for vice.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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