The Kalapuya, an isolated family, were once a numerous people dwelling at the falls of the Willamette. In 1841 they numbered less than five hundred, and by the middle of the century were practically extinct. In civilization they occupied a middle position between the wandering tribes of the interior and the debased Indians of the coast. It is impossible to reconcile the names of the Kalapuya tribes given by Ross with other lists of lower Willamette Indians. He alone extends the Kalapuya to its mouth, while Lewis and Clark, Morse (_Report to the Secretary of War_, Washington, 1822), and Hale (_United States Exploring Expedition_, Philadelphia, 1846, vol. vi) confine them to the falls, and place Chinook tribes below that point.—ED. Footnote 82: For an account of this chief, see Franchère, note 51.—ED. Footnote 83: This is the Umpqua, the largest river between the Sacramento and the Columbia. It rises in the Cascade Range and empties into the Pacific Ocean about two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the Columbia. The fur-trading post Fort Umpqua, was on the southern bank about forty miles from the ocean.—ED. Footnote 84: Joseph Gervais, a French Canadian, came to Astoria with Captain Hunt in 1811. After the abandonment of that post, he became a “free trapper,” and married the daughter of a Clatsop chief. Desiring a more settled life, in 1828 he selected a place on the Willamette, a short distance below the present Salem, and raised wheat. A few years later other French Canadians, retired Hudson’s Bay clerks, became farmers along the Willamette and the district became known as French Prairie. Gervais took an active part in establishing the provisional government of Oregon in 1843. He became prosperous, and lived on French Prairie until his death (1861) at the age of eighty-four years.—ED. Footnote 85: For further information regarding Baranoff and the Russian settlements, see Franchère, note 93.—ED. Footnote 86: A brief account of Sitka will be found in Franchère, note 68. Sitka and New Archangel were identical. Sitka was destroyed by the Indians in 1802 and in 1804 a post called New Archangel, was built at the same place. It is situated on Sitka Sound, Baranoff Island, in latitude 57° north. St. Paul is on the north-east shore of Kadiak Island, off the coast of Alaska, in latitude 58°.—ED. Footnote 87: