Chapter XVII. General Principles Of Fair Distribution. _Wealth distributed, not welfare._—In considering the principles of fair distribution among all the parties contributing to production of wealth, it is necessary to remember that wealth and not welfare is the subject of thought. A child may have equal right to welfare with his father, but cannot in any sense have equal ownership of wealth. The welfare of a complete imbecile may be the care of the state, but he can in no sense control wealth. Distribution of wealth cannot, therefore, include the subjects of charity, but must be confined to a study of the natural relations between individual owners of wealth or individual contributors to production, which make control of a portion of accumulated wealth essential to individual welfare. A pound of tea may include in its value the efforts of a hundred different persons. What are the principles upon which those hundred people may be fairly compensated by the actual consumer of the pound of tea? This illustrates the complexity of the whole subject of distribution. No drinker of tea would dare to settle the question of fair distribution arbitrarily. No one would even offer a theory by which a perfect settlement could be reached. Yet when the pound of tea is put upon the pantry shelf, the fifty cents paid for it has already been divided into a hundred unequal portions adjusted by some method of custom to meet the ideas of every helper in the long list. Each has had some portion of the wealth produced, though the distribution may have taken place in different countries, under different laws and customs, through a period of months or years. This distribution involves the whole question of industrial freedom, and rests finally upon the principle of equity as applied to ownership of one’s powers and the product of those powers. It also involves, to a certain extent, the decision of what is properly wealth and what is properly a part of universal welfare. The important questions connected with the subject will not be satisfactorily settled until a reasonable adjustment of all claims is reached by the masses engaged in production. The modern discussions of the interests of laborers are proof that the world is thinking more and more of individual rights in property, and no sweeping assertions as to inequity of property rights help to solve the questions. It is because each individual has a distinct equity in what is produced in part by his efforts that there is need of better adjustment. All reforms, therefore, must be along the line of fair distribution, or fail of their end.