_Wages, profits, interest and rent take the product._—It is common to consider distribution as made in the forms of wages for labor given without risk as to the product, profits to the one whose labor is associated with risk of loss as well as gain, interest to the one who furnishes capital in any form and waits for his compensation, and rent to the landlord, or owner of estate, whose property is used for a definite time and returned. It is evident that any advantage received in any of these ways, at any time, must come from the actual available goods in store suitable for division and consumption. The farmer cannot pay his hired hand with his farm, though he may be able to do so with his products. The farmer himself cannot realize his profits until he has the proceeds of his work in the shape of consumable goods. So, at any particular time, the total of products fit for consumption makes the source from which all distribution must come. Debts and credits can have no consideration in the total, for the reason that they exactly offset each other. A general conflict of interested persons as to wages, profits, interest or rent comes from the difficulty of sharing in the actual goods at hand. The relation of each to the whole depends upon circumstances to be discussed in future chapters. It is certain that the larger proportion of daily production goes to the mass of the people who consume their share from day to day. It is estimated that fully 80 per cent of such wealth is used up by those who contribute no use of capital to the productive force. It seems probable also that this ratio is increasing rather than diminishing, but no statistics are sufficient to show the exact facts. _Cheap standards of living._—In the natural competition of laborers with each other, the general standard of living—physical, intellectual and moral—have an important bearing. The Chinaman in this country competes with the American upon a wholly different plane of living. His habitual needs being less, he is willing to work for wages that will not tempt the native American. If he can do the same work, living as he does, he necessarily becomes a cheaper force in production, and the American must find a better field for his energies or go without employment. Under ordinary circumstances, the introduction of laborers able to live more cheaply acts upon the better class of laborers exactly like the introduction of labor-saving machinery. It first brings hardship from direct competition, but the cheapening of products brings enlarged demands and so gives new impetus to production, requiring the very skill which the better class of laborers alone can furnish.