There are still new difficulties in every change of method. The influence of custom often retards freedom of movement, makes more slow the natural rise of wages, and hinders a gradual adjustment to new conditions. In many cases it prevents individual enterprise among wage-earners, and crowds from the higher ranks into competition with the lower because of no natural outlet for ambition. Even laws intended to protect laborers sometimes operate against them. Thus a law restricting the terms of contract between workmen and their employer has sometimes prevented the employer from investing capital in a business which otherwise would have increased the opportunity for labor, and so would have actually increased wages. The effect of free schools upon ability to earn is generally recognized. The best estimates place the increase resulting from common school education at fully 25 per cent. Some of the best establishments are limiting their offers of employment to young people who have had the advantage of even high school training. This more general education tends in two ways to increase the compensation of wage-earners: first, by giving a clear knowledge of abilities that makes competition fairer; and second, by increasing the general effectiveness of all production, which enlarges the sum to be divided. Every movement toward greater social freedom and uniformity of opportunity contributes to the same end. Next to slavery, social caste is the chief obstacle to free and fair competition of laborers. Any barriers of race, social organizations, or even churches, which cultivate exclusiveness in any direction, in the end work hardship. If they bring temporary advantage to a few, they are sure to hamper the freedom of many. The welfare of the community is surest when social conditions favor the freest communication in all ranges of employment, whether in wage-earning or in profit-making. The cheapening of transportation in recent years, bringing all the world nearer, has had various effects upon wages. It has destroyed, to a considerable extent, the inequality of wages between different regions of country. If laborers of any kind are scarce, a telegram will within a few hours bring numbers from some place where they are too plenty. The result is a tendency to greater uniformity throughout the world. As yet the full effects of this progress are not realized. Some hardships will undoubtedly be endured from the ready introduction of unskilled laborers from crowded countries into our less densely peopled country. But with a larger range of production opened by cheap labor, our better workmen will find more constant and more remunerative employment. If restrictions upon immigration are necessary, it must be to prevent too sudden a transition, hindering adjustment to new conditions. The danger of overcrowded population comes more certainly to the nation excluding itself from the great world by excluding the rest of the world from itself.