St. John, the chalice with the serpent; sometimes the eagle also: but the eagle, as I have observed, belongs to him properly only in his character of Evangelist. St. Thomas, a builder’s rule: also, but more seldom, a spear. St. James Minor, a club. St. Philip, the staff or crosier, surmounted by a cross; or a small cross in his hand. St. Bartholomew, a large knife. St. Matthew, a purse. St. Simon, a saw. St. Thaddeus (or Jude), a halberd or lance. St. Matthias, a lance. The origin and meaning of these attributes will be explained presently: meantime it must be borne in mind, that although in sacred Art the Apostles are always twelve in number, they are not always the same personages. St. Jude is frequently omitted to make room for St. Paul. Sometimes, in the most ancient churches (as in the Cathedral of Palermo), St. Simon and St. Matthias are omitted, and the evangelists St. Mark and St. Luke figure in their places. The Byzantine manual published by Didron omits James Minor, Jude, and Matthias; and inserts Paul, Luke, and Mark. This was the arrangement on the bronze doors of San Paolo-fuori-le-Mura at Rome, executed by Byzantine artists in the tenth century, and now destroyed. On an ancient pulpit, of beautiful workmanship, in the Cathedral of Troyes, the arrangement is according to the Greek formula.[147] Thus— ───────────── ───────────── ───────────── ───────────── S. John B. J. Christ. The Virgin. ───────────── ───────────── ───────────── An Angel. S. Matthew. S. Peter. S. Simon. S. Philip. S. Luke. S. Bartholomew. ───────────── S. Mark. S. Andrew. S. James. S. Paul. S. Thomas. S. John. ───────────── ───────────── ───────────── Here, John the Baptist figures in his character of angel or messenger; and St. Paul, St. Mark, and St. Luke take the place of St. James Minor, St. Jude, and St. Matthias.