146. Ensign staff. 147. Ensign. 148. Bower cable. [Illustration: FIG. 80. A FIRST-RATER OF 1815, SHOWING DETAILS OF SPARS AND RIGGING.] [Illustration: FIG. 81. FULL-RIGGED SHIP. 1. Flying jib. 2. Outer jib. 3. Inner jib. 4. Fore topmast staysail. 5. Fore-course _or_ foresail. 6. Lower fore topsail. 7. Upper fore topsail. 8. Lower fore topgallant sail. 9. Upper fore topgallant sail. 10. Fore royal. 11. Main course _or_ mainsail. 12. Lower main topsail. 13. Upper main topsail. 14. Lower main topgallant sail. 15. Upper main topgallant sail. 16. Main royal. 17. Cross-jack (_pr._ cro’jack). 18. Lower mizzen topsail. 19. Upper mizzen topsail. 20. Lower mizzen topgallant sail. 21. Upper mizzen topgallant sail. 22. Mizzen royal. 23. Driver _or_ spanker.] CHAPTER IX. THE FORE-AND-AFT RIG AND ITS DEVELOPMENTS; COASTERS, FISHING BOATS, YACHTS, ETC.[116] So far we have, with the exception of the primitive lateen, dealt exclusively with the square-rigged sailing ship. We have seen that this was the earliest and has continued to be the most universal sail of the ship. The Egyptian and other early races possessed it, and likewise the Greeks, Romans and Vikings. In the most modern full-rigged ship it is to-day seen as conspicuous as ever. For ocean, deep-sea sailing it has no peer, but in course of time with the growth of the coasting and fishing shipping, of pilotage and yachting, a rig that was suitable for deep-sea sailing was found to be not altogether ideal for the new demands. And so, gradually, side by side with the squaresail, has grown up another development which we may divide into two sections: first, the fore-and-aft rig, and secondly, the compromises that have been made between the fore-and-aft and the squaresail. It would be quite impossible here to trace in such complete detail the history and development of the fore-and-afters as we have done of the larger sailing ships; that, indeed, demands a separate volume to itself. But we can show here, what, as far as I am able to ascertain, has never been attempted by any previous writer, in outline, at least, the story of the rise of the fore-and-after, and link it up to that larger ship that sets her sails at an angle athwart the keel instead of parallel with it. We shall thus complete our study in connecting the present with the past, and in showing how the latest _Shamrock_ is related to the early Egyptian ship, and how on the one hand she has inherited certain family characteristics of her fore-parent, yet on the other hand, through coming under new influences and acquiring new habits, she has altered some of the features by which her ancestors were especially distinguished.