The illustration in Fig. 19 has been taken from De Baïf’s book,[16] not so much because it gives a representative picture of what a Roman warship was like, as for the fact that the various parts of the ship may by this means be made somewhat clearer than if we had an ancient relief before us. I have, up till now, throughout this chapter, included Roman vessels under the description given to the Greek ships, there being for a long time but little difference. In Fig. 19, A is the fighting top; BB are the ends or “horns” of the sail yards; CC are the _antennæ_ or yards; D is the mast; E is the _carchesium_ or upper part of the mast to which the halyards led; F is the _trachelus_, being half-way up the mast; G is the _pterna_ or heel of the mast; HH are the _opiferi funes_ or braces; I is a rope—_calos_ (ladder); KK are the backstays; L is the figurehead, the _parasemon_ or distinguishing mark, so that in a fleet of ships, each alike as to rig and size, this would be very necessary; M is the stern; N is the turret or forecastle already discussed above; O is the prow; P is the all-vigilant eye which the ship was supposed to possess; Q is the _rostrum_, beak or boar’s head, while R is the _rostrum tridens_ with its three-toothed ram; S is the _epotides_ or cathead whence the anchor was let down. The word is used by Euripides and Thucydides. T is the _katastroma_ or flying deck, that the marines might be able to fight without hindering the rowers; V, of course, shows the oars, X the hull; Y is the _dryochus_ which properly means one of the trestles or props on which the keel for a new ship is laid; Z is the _clavus_ or handle of the tiller; “&” refers to the tiller itself. Fig. 20 is also taken from De Baïf, and is reproduced here not as being an accurate representation of a Roman sailing ship, but because it well illustrates by its exaggeration several points not easily discernible in other reproductions. The inclined mast in the bows carries the artemon sail, but it is out of all proportion. A is the steersman; BB are the oarsmen; C is the πρωράτης, or in Latin _proreta_—the look-out man; D represents the beak—τα ἀκρωτήρια, the extremities of the ship; E is the θρόνος, or seat of authority for the steersman. (Compare a similarity in the illustration of Furttenbach’s galley, in Fig. 58.) [Illustration: FIG. 20. ROMAN SHIP.]