12. Virginia and Kentucky thereupon hastened to pass the famous resolutions of 1798-99, according to which the Federal Constitution is simply a covenant between the States as States, and "each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infraction as of the mode and measure of redress," and to put the battle in array for another great struggle as to the respective powers of the States and the Union. President Adams and the Federalists were overwhelmingly beaten in the contest of 1800, and the Republican party went into possession of all the offices by which State and Federal powers were to be defined. 13. A much greater portion of the wisest and most experienced statesmen had been ranked, until this time, with the Federalists, but that creed soon grew into such disfavor that few politicians could be found to do it reverence. And this, it may be safely asserted, has been the experience of the American people whenever the majority of them has differed from the learned few. The masses have been, in almost every instance, wiser than those who thus sought to control their views. QUESTIONS. 1. What was observed towards the latter days of the eighteenth century? Who was one of the political leaders? What views did Mr. Jefferson hold? 2. Who was the leader of the other great political party? What was Mr. Hamilton's policy? 3. What is said of the Superior Courts and the Judges? Describe the singular manner of Judge Spencer's death. 4. What is said of the University? When was its seat selected, and where? 5. When was the cornerstone of the East Building laid? Who officiated? Who delivered the address? 6. When was the University regularly opened? Who constituted the faculty? Who was the first student to enter? What have been the labors of this institution? 7. What land frauds were perpetrated in 1795? Who were the guilty persons? 8. What was the nature of these frauds? 9. Give some account of the trial of these offenders. 10. What was the condition of affairs throughout the United States at this period? 11. What was the effect of the "Alien and Sedition Laws"? 12. What was done by Virginia and Kentucky? What were the resolutions of 1798-99? What party came into power in 1800? 13. What is said of the "Federalists"? CHAPTER XLI. CLOSING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. A. D. 1800 TO 1802. General Davie ceased to be Governor to become one of three Commissioners to Paris. He had been appointed Major-General to command North Carolina's contingent, when it seemed that war with France was inevitable; but that danger had happily passed, and he was sent over to arrange the vexed questions growing out of the Berlin and Milan decrees. * *These decrees were Napoleon's efforts to retaliate for British blockade measures against France. The great conqueror forbade all Europe from commercial intercourse with his English enemies.