But the reference of Sidonius, quoted above,[1323] to the choir-singing in the church of Lyons in the fifth century, makes it probable that what is here referred to is either a revival of the old part-singing which had become usual in Hilary’s time, or else some specialized form of chant which was slightly different from the ordinary style. In any case we may safely conclude that Gaul played no unimportant part in the development of church-singing during the fourth century. PART V THE DECLINE OF EDUCATION 1. GALLIC STUDENTS ABROAD We have traced the main branches of study that were pursued in Gaul, and the question naturally arises: ‘How far did the Gauls give and receive education outside the boundaries of their country?’ Modern parallels suggest, at first sight, that a liberal education would not have been considered complete in the provinces unless the student had attended the imperial universities. But Gaul at this time held so prominent a position in the educational and political world that the analogy fails. The professors appointed, both in Gaul and elsewhere, were frequently men who had had all their education in that province. There is no trace that Ausonius ever studied at Rome or Constantinople: he came into contact with the imperial house while studying at Toulouse, where Constantine’s brothers were staying.[1324] Minervius[1325] was a popular teacher at Rome and at Constantinople, where Arborius also was famous as a rhetor.[1326] The son of Sedatus, rhetor at Toulouse, taught at Rome: Et tua nunc suboles morem sectata parentis, Narbonem ac Romam nobilitat studiis.[1327] Even the poor Victorius went to Sicily and to Cumae, presumably to study and to teach,[1328] while Dynamius became a rhetor in Spain.[1329] To some extent that wandering and eclectic spirit of learning which broke out anew in the movement that has been called ‘Die zweite Sophistik’, and which appears in the professors and students of Philostratus, Lucian, and Apuleius, was still operative. But more important was the prominence of Gallic studies which not only created a demand for the teachers of Gaul in Rome and Constantinople, but drew men from Sicily[1330] for the comparatively unimportant position of grammarian. Yet there was a certain number of Gallic students who went to study at Rome, chiefly in jurisprudence. It was there that Ambrose, born in all probability at Trèves about 340, studied law.