[495] ‘Summa itaque ope et alacri studio has leges nostras accipite et vosmet ipsos sic eruditos ostendite ut spes vos pulcherrima foveat, toto legitimo opere perfecto, posse etiam nostram rempublicam in partibus eius vobis credendis gubernare’, _Proem. Iustin. Instit._, ed. Krueger, vol. i. Cf. _Inst._ ii. 7. 20 ff. Imperial titles reserved for advocates when they cease to practise, &c. For an account of the teaching of law see Modderman, _Handboek voor het Romeinsch Recht_ (3rd ed.), i. 42, 60. [496] Bury-Gibbon, ii. 172. [497] _Antecessor_, used in late Latin in the sense of ‘teacher’. Cf. Tertull. _Adv. Marcionem_, i. 20 ‘ab illo certe Paulo qui ... tunc primum cum antecessoribus apostolis conferebat’ (_Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat._ xlvii, p. 315). [498] Cf. Aul. Gell. _N. A._ xiii. 10. [499] Justin. _Digest._ I. ii. [500] Justinian, _Corpus Iuris Civilis_, vol. ii, ed. Krueger, ii. 7. 11. [501] _Corp. Iur. Civ._, _l.c._, 23 ff. [502] xxx. 4. 8 ff. [503] Ibid. [504] _Ep._ ii. 1. 2. [505] _Ep._ vi. 3. [506] _Gesch. des gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesens_, p. 78. [507] The Schola Medicorum on the Esquiline (_C. I. L._ vi. 5. 978) is rejected by Reinach, _Dict. des Antiquités_, s.v. Medicus. [508] _Prof._ xxvi. [509] ‘Crinas quidam, Nerone Claudio imperatore, primus, ut creditur, medicinae scientiam atque usum in schola Massiliensi provexit: et ita in eo studio profecit ut si cum aliis eiusdem artis professoribus conferatur longe omnes superasse videatur’, Bulaeus, _Hist. Univ. Parisiensis_, i. 19. See also Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxix. 1. 5, where he also mentions Charmis, another Massilian. Cf. Galen, viii. 727, xiii. 855, for the Massilian oculist Demosthenes. [510] Galen, vol. xiv, p. 177 (ed. Kühn), περὶ ἀντιδότων. Cf. περὶ συνθέσεως φαρμάκων, vol. xiii, p. 71. [511] ‘Nec solum veteres medicinae artis auctores ... cui rei operam uterque Plinius et Apuleius ... aliique non nulli, etiam proximo tempore illustres nonoribus viri, cives ac maiores nostri Siburius, Eutropius atque Ausonius commodarunt, lectione scrutatus sum ...’, Marcellus, _De Medicamentis_, ed. Helmreich. For the power which these doctors had at the imperial court v. _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 49. [512] Cf. Galen, vol. xiv, p. 459 (ed. Kühn). [513] See Geyer on ‘Traces of Gallic Latin in Marcellus’, _Archiv für lat. Lexicographie_, viii. 4, p. 419. [514] _Hist. litt. de la France_, ii. 52. [515] _Parent._ vi. [516] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Medicus. [517] _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 3. [518] See p. 87, _supra_, n. 3. [519] _Nat. Hist._ xxix. 1. 8. [520] _Ep. ad Traian._ v, ed. Kukula. [521] Ael. Spart. _Vita Hadr._ 25. [522] ‘Medicinae autem ... ita studia augentur in dies ut, licet opus ipsum refellat, pro omni tamen experimento sufficiat medico ad commendandam artis auctoritatem, si Alexandriae se dixerit eruditum’, Ammian. xxii. 16. 18. [523] Quoted Denk, _op. cit._, p. 139.