[871] ‘Reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur ... turpe enim est ut patriae functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur’, _Cod. Theod._ xiii. 3. 7. [872] Cf. Ammianus, xiv. 9. 5 ‘Epigonus ... amictu tenus philosophus’. Symm. _Ep._ i. 28 mentions his contemporary Barachus among those ‘qui philosophiam fastu et habitu metiuntur’. [873] _Pro Instaur. Scholis_, 16. Cf. ‘Equidem ipsos patriae deos testor, tanto me civitatis istius amore flagrare, ut quocunque oculos circumtuli, ad restitutionem operum singulorum ita gaudio ferar ut spiritum identidem meum pro illorum salute devoveam, quorum iussu opibusque reparantur’. There is more than rhetoric in his words. [874] Source book of the _Hist. of Education_, p. 395. [875] Cf. _Cod. Theod._ xiv. 1. 1. [876] _De Scholis Roman._, p. 13. [877] _Epigr._ xv. [878] Cf. Guizot, _Hist. of Civilization_, i. 320 ff.; Montalembert, _Monks of the West_, i. 187 ff. [879] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 4 ‘Habeat unus quisque licentiam sanctissimo catholicae (sc. _ecclesiae_) venerabilique concilio decedens bonorum quod optavit relinquere’. So in 434 Theodosius and Valentinian enacted that the intestate property of a Church official should go to his church or monastery, _Cod. Theod._ v. 3. 1. [880] ‘Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur quo civitas Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit’, _Cod. Theod._ iv. 7. 1, A.D. 321. [881] ‘Qui divino cultui ministeria religionis impendunt ... ab omnibus omnino muneribus excusentur’, _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 2 _et passim_. [882] _Cod. Theod._ xvi. 2. 41. [883] Ambrose and Augustine complain of their heavy judicial duties; cf. _Camb. Med. Hist._ i. 566. [884] Sidon. _Ep._ vii. 7; so Lupus had successfully negotiated with Attila for Troyes; see Lavisse, _Hist. de Gaule_, ii. 1. 1, pp. 21 ff., L’Épiscopat en Gaule au IVᵉ et au Vᵉ Siècle. Cf. Rambaud, _Histoire de la civilisation française_, i. 74, and the whole of Bk. I, chap. iv (_Gaule chrétienne_) for a useful summary of the activities and relations of the Gallic Church at this time. [885] Cf. St. Martin’s opposition to Avitianus and Valentinian. Hilary of Arles declared the prefect unworthy of the sacrament, and he had to retire. [886] e.g. Epictetus and the Stoics, who taught the equality of mankind. [887] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 5. [888] _Cod. Theod._ iv. 8. 6; iv. 8. 9; iv. 9. 1. [889] _Cod. Theod._ ii. 25. 1. [890] Cappadocia was practically the only place where slaves were still bred for export to Rome. [891] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5 ‘de spectaculis’, A.D. 425. [892] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 5. 7. [893] _Cod. Theod._ xv. 7. 4, A.D. 380.