[428] But by the end of the fourth century the teacher of arms becomes an important individual in the training of the epheboi. [429] Plato, _Euthud._ 273 A. [430] Xen. _Econ._ iii. 13. [431] Xen. _Econ._ xi. 18; _Banquet_, i. 7, ix. 1. [432] σφαιριστήριον [sphairistêrion]. [433] Athen. 20 f. [434] Brit. Mus. E 83, for a picture of this in use. [435] χυτλοῦσθαι [chytlousthai]. [436] Athen. 566 e. [437] _Hunting with Hounds_, passim. So Plato in the _Laws_, with reservations. [438] Plato, _Laws_, 795 E. [439] Aristoph. _Frogs_, 729. [440] Lucian, _On Dancing_, 15. [441] Athen. 20 d. [442] Plato, _Rep._ 396 A, B. [443] Antiphon, _The Choreutes_, 11. [444] Xen. _Banquet_, ii. 17. [445] Lakonian and Attic (Herod. vi. 129); Persian (Xen. _Anab._ vi. 1. 10); Troizenìan Epizephurian Lokrian, Cretan, Ionian, Mantinean in Lucian, _On Dancing_, 22. [446] Not necessarily nude, for γυμνός [gymnos] only represents the absence of the armour used in the War-dance. [447] Plato, _Laws_, 815 A. [448] Lucian, _On Dancing_, 8. [449] Lucian, _On Dancing_, 8. [450] The dance known as γυμνοπαιδική [gymnopaidikê] is described in Athen. 631 b, as including representations of wrestling. In 678 b, c, the festival of the Γυμνοπαιδίαι [Gymnopaidiai], and the dances in it are referred to, but no mention is there made of wrestling. [451] Athen. 630 d. [452] This sketch is drawn chiefly from Antiphon, _The Choreutes_. [453] Demos. _ag. Midias_, 533. [454] Rivals sometimes tried to interrupt the lessons or bribe the teacher (Demos. _Mid._ 535). [455] The situation of Antiphon’s speech. [456] Demos. _Mid._ 520. [457] Xen. _Hiero_, ix. 4. [458] Böckh, 212. [459] _Ibid._ 221. [460] Xen. _Hipparch._ i. 11. [461] Illustr. Plate IX. [462] Brit. Mus. E 485. [463] Mnesimachos, _Hippotrophos_ (Athen. 402 f). [464] See Illustr. Plates X. A, X. B and the Frontispiece for scenes in a riding-school. [465] The mark was a suspended shield, Brit. Mus. Prize-Amphora 7, Room IV. [466] A rough summary of Xen. _Hipparch._ i. 15-26. [467] Xen. _Hipparch._ iii. 6. [468] Xen. _Hipparch._ iii. 14. [469] Petit, _Leg. Att._ ii. 4. [470] Plato, _Laws_, 689 D. [471] Herod. viii. 89. [472] _e.g._ Thuc. iv. 25. [473] Diogenes Laert. ii. 8. 73. [474] Thuc. iv. 26. [475] Plato, _Rep._ 529 C; _Phaidr._ 264 A. [476] Plato, _Euthud._ 277 D. [477] Plato, _Rep._ 453 D. [478] Galen, _de loc. aff._ iv. 8. See Grasberger, i. 151. [479] Aristoph. _Wasps_, 1095. [480] _Ibid._ 1119. [481] Xen. _Hellen._ i. 6. 24. [482] Aristoph. _Knights_, 600. [483] Aristoph. _Frogs_, 200-271, describes a rowing lesson.