But in the next century the numbers drop down to twenty-nine and twenty-three. The service must have been voluntary. Moreover, brothers are found serving together, from which it may be inferred that the exact age qualification was no longer regarded.[650] Philosophy and literature become subjects of study; and a library, swollen by gifts from old epheboi, is collected. Foreigners begin to be enrolled in the second century, and in course of time outnumber the native Athenians. Although the old military service is preserved, no doubt in a mummified condition, the system of the epheboi develops into the Athenian university, where young Romans like Cicero’s son came to learn philosophy, though they had little to learn from Athens in military matters. The Sophronistai and Kosmetes become the Proctors and Chancellor, the special festivals the compulsory services, of the new University. The torch-races, the military duties, and the naval races[651] become its athletics. It is the old conscription system of Athens, not the schools of Plato or Isokrates, that gives birth to the first University. The system of epheboi was represented at Sparta by the κρυπτοί [kryptoi]. We hear of an archephebos at Argos, and a gumnasiarchos who manages the epheboi at Troizen.[652] In the Megarid and in Boiotia the epheboi were trained as cavalry, hoplites, or peltasts.[653] An ephebarchos can be traced in Teos. There were patrol-houses, and so possibly epheboi patrols in the territory of Syracuse.[654] This period of special training for military duties seems to have been general all over Hellas. Plato adopts it without demur in the _Republic_ and _Laws_. [612] Aristot. Ἀθ. Πολ. [Ath. Pol.] 42 for these examinations. [613] Luk. _ag. Leok._ 18. 76. [614] Pollux, viii. 105-106, etc. [615] κραίνοντες [krainontes]. Note the archaic word. [616] Luk. _ag. Leok_. 18. 75. [617] Plato, _Krit._ 51 D, E. [618] Aischin. _ag. Timarch._ 18. [619] I have already suggested that metrical versions may have been taught at the music-schools. [620] Plato, _Protag._ 326 D. Boys used to listen to cases in the law-courts. This would give them some idea of legal procedure. (Compare the custom at some English public schools of letting the boys go to hear the local assizes.) Demosthenes thus went with his paidagogos to hear the trial of Kallistratos. [621] Aristot. Ἀθ. Πολ. [Ath. Pol.] 42. 2. [622] _C.I.A._ IV. ii. 1571 B. [623] _C.I.A._ II. 316. [624] e.g. _C.I.A._ ii. 316. 338. [625] Aristot. Ἀθ. Πολ. [Ath. Pol.] 42. 3. [626] [Plato] _Axiochos_, 367 A. [627] Schol. on Aristoph. _Birds_, 794. [628] Xen. _Revenues_, iv. 52. [629] Aristot. Ἀθ. Πολ. [Ath. Pol.] 42. 4. [630] Thuc. ii. 46. [631] Lucias, x. 1, and Aristophanes anent Kleonumos, _passim_.