[224] Benches do not appear on vases, because a row of boys involves elaborate perspective; the artist preferred to take single boys on stools, as a sort of section of a class, just as he gave the stools only two legs. Xen. _Banquet_, 4. 27, shows two boys sitting side by side. It is not necessary to reject benches, with Girard. [225] Alexis, _Linos_ (in Athen. 164 B.C.). See Illustr. Plates I. A and I. B. [226] Plut. _Alkib._ 7. [227] Herondas, iii. 83. 96. [228] See Illustr. Plate No. I. A. [229] Plato, _Protag._ 326 D. [230] In Clement of Alexandria, who gives two others. _Strom._ v. 8 (p. 675, Potter). A writing copy set by a master, though not of the alphabetical kind described by Clement, is actually extant on a wax tablet in the British Museum (Add. MS. 34,186). It consists of two lines of verse written out by the master and copied twice by a pupil. [231] Aeschylus, _Choeph._ 209. [232] Illustr. Plate I. A. [233] Xen. _Econ._ xv. 5. [234] Demosth. _de Cor._ 313. [235] Plato, _Laws_, 810 A (cp. the prizes for calligraphy in Teos). [236] Athen. 453 d. [237] Giles’ _Manual of Comparative Philology_, § 604. [238] Athen. 453 c, d. [239] A fragment of terra-cotta has been found at Athens, containing on it: αρ βαρ γαρ δαρ [ar bar gar dar] ερ βερ γερ δερ [er ber ger der] which must have belonged to some spelling-book――perhaps the brick formed part of the wall of a schoolroom.――Quoted by Girard, p. 131. [240] Athen. 454 f. [241] This is by no means inconceivable, when it is remembered that the Hellenes often set even the laws to music, in order to make them easier to learn and remember. [242] Plato, _Polit._ 278 A, B. [243] _Ibid._ [244] _Ibid._ 285 C. [245] Xen. _Econ._ viii. 14. [246] See Illustr. Plate I. A. [247] Case E 190. [248] Plato, _Protag._ 325 E. [249] Plato, _Laws_, 811. [250] τὰ κεφάλαια [ta kephalaia]――a phrase used in later times for “commonplaces,” “topics,” which suggests that these selections were of that sort. [251] As the great speeches are picked out from Shakespeare for “repetition” nowadays. [252] Plato, _Laws_, 802, 811. [253] Isokrates (_Paneg._ 74 A). He says the object was to make the boys hate the barbarians; as, _e.g._, English boys might learn _Henry V._ in order to dislike the French! [254] Xen. _Banquet_, iii. 5. [255] _Ibid_. [256] _Ibid_. iv. 6. [257] Aristoph. _Frogs_, 1035. [258] From the _Banqueters_. [259] Straton (in Athen. 382, 383). [260] Aristoph. _Frogs_, 1032. [261] Athen. 164. [262] Aristoph. _Birds_, 471; _Wasps_, 1446. 1401. [263] Plato, _Hipp. Maj._ 286 B.