Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
An entity of which we become aware in sense perception is the terminus
of our act of perception. I will call such an entity, a
‘_sense-object_’. For example, green of a definite shade is a
sense-object; so is a sound of definite quality and pitch; and so is a
definite scent; and a definite quality of touch. The way in which such
an entity is related to space during a definite lapse of time is
complex. I will say that a sense-object has ‘_ingression_’ into
space-time. The cognitive perception of a sense-object is the awareness
of the prehensive unification (into a standpoint A) of various modes of
various sense-objects, including the sense-object in question. The
standpoint A is, of course, a region of space-time; that is to say, it
is a volume of space through a duration of time. But as one entity, this
standpoint is a unit of realised experience. A mode of a sense-object at
A (as abstracted from the sense-object whose relationship to A the mode
is conditioning) is the aspect from A of some other region B. Thus the
sense-object is present in A with the mode of location in B. Thus if
green be the sense-object in question, green is not simply at A where it
is being perceived, nor is it simply at B where it is perceived as
located; but it is present at A with the mode of location in B. There is
no particular mystery about this. You have only got to look into a
mirror and to see the image in it of some green leaves behind your back.
For you at A there will be green; but not green simply at A where you
are. The green at A will be green with the mode of having location at
the image of the leaf behind the mirror. Then turn round and look at the
leaf. You are now perceiving the green in the same way as you did
before, except that now the green has the mode of being located in the
actual leaf. I am merely describing what we do perceive: we are aware of
green as being one element in a prehensive unification of sense-objects;
each sense-object, and among them green, having its particular mode,
which is expressible as location elsewhere. There are various types of
modal location. For example, sound is voluminous: it fills a hall, and
so sometimes does diffused colour. But the modal location of a colour
may be that of being the remote boundary of a volume, as for example the
colours on the walls of a room. Thus primarily space-time is the locus
of the modal ingression of sense-objects. This is the reason why space
and time (if for simplicity we disjoin them) are given in their
entireties. For each volume of space, or each lapse of time, includes in
its essence aspects of all volumes of space, or of all lapses of time.
The difficulties of philosophy in respect to space and time are founded
on the error of considering them as primarily the loci of simple
locations. Perception is simply the cognition of prehensive unification;
or more shortly, perception is cognition of prehension. The actual world
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