Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
My second reason for distrusting subjectivism is based on the particular
content of experience. Our historical knowledge tells us of ages in the
past when, so far as we can see, no living being existed on earth. Again
it also tells us of countless star-systems, whose detailed history
remains beyond our ken. Consider even the moon and the earth. What is
going on within the interior of the earth, and on the far side of the
moon! Our perceptions lead us to infer that there is something happening
in the stars, something happening within the earth, and something
happening on the far side of the moon. Also they tell us that in remote
ages there were things happening. But all these things which it appears
certainly happened, are either unknown in detail, or else are
reconstructed by inferential evidence. In the face of this content of
our personal experience, it is difficult to believe that the experienced
world is an attribute of our own personality. My third reason is based
upon the instinct for action. Just as sense-perception seems to give
knowledge of what lies beyond individuality, so action seems to issue in
an instinct for self-transcendence. The activity passes beyond self into
the known transcendent world. It is here that final ends are of
importance. For it is not activity urged from behind, which passes out
into the veiled world of the intermediate subjectivist. It is activity
directed to determinate ends in the known world; and yet it is activity
transcending self and it is activity within the known world. It follows
therefore that the world, as known, transcends the subject which is
cognisant of it.
The subjectivist position has been popular among those who have been
engaged in giving a philosophical interpretation to the recent theories
of relativity in physical science. The dependence of the world of sense
on the individual percipient seems an easy mode of expressing the
meanings involved. Of course, with the exception of those who are
content with themselves as forming the entire universe, solitary amid
nothing, everyone wants to struggle back to some sort of objectivist
position. I do not understand how a common world of thought can be
established in the absence of a common world of sense. I will not argue
this point in detail; but in the absence of a transcendence of thought,
or a transcendence of the world of sense, it is difficult to see how the
subjectivist is to divest himself of his solitariness. Nor does the
intermediate subjectivist appear to get any help from his unknown world
in the background.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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