We must now notice the most interesting of all the wonderful things which have been discovered about these tiny insects, which are even smaller than fleas. Any one who has a rose-garden and chooses to spend some hours a day in studying the “green-fly” can follow out the facts. They reproduce themselves—that is to say, propagate—with astounding rapidity. The great Linnæus, a hundred and fifty years ago, came to the conclusion, from his observation of one kind or species, that in one year a single aphis would produce a quintillion of descendants! Without insisting upon the exact numbers in different kinds of aphides, we may say that that is a fair indication of the rate at which they produce young. No sooner does a mother aphis produce some thirty or forty young, than in a few hours or days, according to the warmth of the season and the abundance of food, these young have grown to full size and themselves each produce the same number of young, and so on through the summer, and even into the autumn. Nineteen generations in sixteen weeks have been counted in some kinds of the plant-lice. Hence it is no wonder that these little creatures increase exceedingly and cover the leaves and shoots on which they feed; no wonder that they furnish a plentiful nourishment for the lady-birds which prey on them. But the most curious thing is this, that these abundant and rapidly reproducing broods of aphis are _all females_, and that they do not lay eggs, but extrude their young in a more or less complete state of development, that is to say, they are viviparous. They are all females! It is only late in the season that males are produced! In fact, the summer broods of the “green-fly” and other aphides which do so much damage to rose bushes, hops, and other cultivated plants, are produced by females alone, without the intervention of a male. These minute insects present true instances of that very remarkable and interesting occurrence which is called “parthenogenesis,” or virginal propagation. It is further a noteworthy thing that the virginal aphis mothers do not lay or deposit eggs, but that the young grow from the eggs inside their mothers (Fig. 61), and are only extruded when they are complete little six-legged insects, capable of walking, and ready to feed themselves by stabbing the soft leaves of the plant on which they find themselves, and sucking up its juices. The summer aphides are spoken of as being both “viviparous” and “parthenogenetic.” The words are really useful, and we cannot get on without them.