[Illustration: FIG. 74.—A rough type of flint implement from the Lower Pleistocene of the Somme Valley (St. Acheuil). One-half the size of the object.] As to the actual bones and skulls of men discovered in these Pleistocene deposits, they show us that the Reindeer Men were a fine, full-brained people, as we should expect, with as large a brain cavity on the average as that of modern Europeans. The skulls of this race, which do not differ in character from those of highly developed modern races, were first found at Cromagnon, and hence we may call them “the Cromagnards” (Fig. 75). The Neander Men are the men of the middle period—the last glacial period—who were displaced by the splendid and accomplished Cromagnards. The Neander Men, of which the new French specimen (Fig. 65) from the cave of the Chapelle-aux-Saints is one, were a very inferior race, and so different from any living race of men as to justify the recognition of them as a distinct species of man, the _Homo Neanderthalensis_. Only a few other imperfect skulls and skeletons of them are known (Figs. 76 and 77), and show them to have been short people, with very low, flat heads and retreating foreheads. It is in accordance with what one would expect, that they should make no works of art, and should be displaced, as climatic conditions changed for the better, by the arrival of the fine, full-brained Cromagnards or Reindeer Men. But where did they, these delightful artists and happy hunters of the Reindeer Epoch, come from? We cannot say. And what became of them? We do not know. They did not give rise to the Neolithic race, but were replaced, turned out by that race. To them, indeed, are appropriate the words of the Roman poet—_Prolem sine matre creatam, mater sine prole defuncta_. [Illustration: FIG. 75.—A profile and a front view of the skull and lower jaw of a man of the Cromagnard race or Reindeer Men. This is the type-skull from Cromagnon. The teeth have fallen out of their sockets, and the articular condyle of the up-turned part of the lower jaw is broken away. The cranial dome and the forehead are as large as in good modern European skulls. Compare with Fig. 65, and refer to the explanation of that figure for the meaning of the letters and dotted lines. _N.B._—This drawing, and one or two of the other figures of skulls, are reversed, giving right side for left, to facilitate the comparison of one with the other. All are one-third (linear) of the natural size.] Table showing the Geologic History of Man in Western Europe (AFTER MARCELIN BOULE, WITH SOME ADDITIONS)