If the shutter be placed behind the objective, it will follow, as a consequence of the same demonstration, that the time of exposure will go diminishing from B' to A', and that the foreground will be exposed longer than the sky. The solution is logical, then, and will permit of obtaining excellent negatives. [Illustration: FIG. 1] Let us now examine how the image, A'B', is formed. The point, A, appears first, and becomes lighter and lighter up to the moment at which all the rays that emanate from the point, A, are unveiled. The point, B', is not yet visible. As the shutter continues its travel the point, B', appears in its turn and becomes illuminated like the point, A'. At this moment the objective is completely uncovered; the image, A'B', is perfect, and possesses its maximum intensity. Then the point, A', gradually becomes obscured and disappears; and the same is the case with all parts of A'B'. The image is developed progressively from A' to B', and makes its impression upon the sensitive plate successively--a fact which, as may be conceived, may have its importance. If, for example, we are photographing a ship that is being tossed about by the sea (and we borrow this example from our colleague, Mr. Davanne), the image of the top of the mast will not be formed at the same instant as that of the base, and if the motion of the mast has sufficient extent it may take on a curved form, due to the fact that it has effected a movement between the moments during which its apex and base were being photographed. Upon placing the guillotine shutter in the optical center of the objective, what will occur? The shutter will permit the passage of an equal fraction of the rays derived from A and B, that is to say, the image will be complete from the first instant of the exposure. The points, A' and B', will be illuminated precisely at the same moment. As the shutter continues its travel, a fresh quantity of rays coming from A and B will be admitted, and the image will be illuminated more and more up to the moment at which all the rays can pass. It will then possess its maximum intensity. Then a portion of the rays from A and B being intercepted, the image will become darker and darker until complete extinction. The image here, then, is not produced successively as in the former case, but is entire from the beginning. In this case the image of our mast cannot be misshapen, since it has been accurately photographed at the same moment. The true place for the guillotine shutter, then, from a theoretical standpoint, is in the interior of the objective. Are there any other advantages to be gained by so placing it? Yes; it is easy to understand that for the same time of exposure, and consequently for the same result, the aperture may be so much the smaller in proportion as the optical center is approached.