Scientific American Supplement, No. 613, October 1, 1887Various
Science
Scientific American Supplement, No. 613, October 1, 1887
Various
Science -- Periodicals
Let us then consider the crystals in any one neighborhood in the sky,
where the conditions that prevail are such as to produce lamellar
crystals of nearly the same thickness. The tabular plates are
subsiding through the atmosphere--in fact, falling toward the earth.
And although their descent is very slow, owing to their minute size,
the resistance of the air will act upon them as it does upon a falling
feather. It will cause them, if disturbed, to oscillate before they
settle into that horizontal position which flat plates finally assume
when falling through quiescent air. We shall presently consider what
the conditions must be, in order that the crystals may be liable to be
now and then disturbed from the horizontal position. If this
occasionally happens, the crystals will keep fluttering, and at any
one moment some of them will be turned so as to reflect a ray from the
sun to the eye of the observer from the flat surface of the crystal
which is next him. Now, if the conditions are such as to produce
crystals which are plates with parallel faces, and as they are also
transparent, part only of the sun's ray that reaches the front face of
the crystal will be reflected from it; the rest will enter the
crystal, and, falling on the parallel surface behind, a portion will
be there reflected, and passing out through the front face, will also
reach the eye of the observer.
These two portions of the ray--that reflected from the front face and
that reflected from the back--are precisely in the condition in which
they can interfere with one another, so as to produce the splendid
colors with which we are familiar in soap bubbles. If the crystals are
of diverse thicknesses, the colors from the individual crystals will
be different, and the mixture of them all will produce merely white
light; but if all are nearly of the same thickness, they will transmit
the same color toward the observer, who will accordingly see this
color in the part of the cloud occupied by these crystals. The color
will, of course, not be undiluted; for other crystals will send
forward white light, and this, blended with the colored light, will
produce delicate shades in cases where the corresponding colors of a
soap bubble would be vivid.
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