suppose to be looking toward the nave, supports the shaft which carries the nave vaulting, and which stands on the main capital with a small base of its own, as seen in Fig. 112--a common feature in early work; and the half column on the upper side of the plan supports the vaulting rib of the aisle. In Fig. 113 and plan C, which represents a pier of nearly a century later, we see that the pier is broken up by perfectly detached shafts, each with its own capital, and each carrying a group of arch mouldings, which latter have become more elaborated. Fig. 114 and plan D show a late Gothic fourteenth century pier, in which the separate shafts have been abandoned, or rather absorbed into the body of the pier, and the pier is formed of a number of moulded projections, with hollows giving deep shadows between them, and the capitals of the various members run into one another, forming a complete cap round the pier. This pier shows a remarkable contrast in every way to B, yet it is a direct development from the latter. In this late form of pier, it will be observed that the projection, E, which carries the vaulting ribs of the nave, instead of springing from the capital, as in the early example, Fig. 111, springs from the floor, and runs right up past the capital; thus the plan of the vaulting is brought, as it were, down on to the floor, and the connection between the roofing of its building and its plan is as complete as can well be. In Fig. 113 the vaulting shaft is supposed to stop short of the capital and to spring from a corbel in the wall, situated above the limit of the drawing. This was a common arrangement in the "Early English" and "Early Decorated" periods of Gothic, but it is not so logical and complete, or so satisfactory either to the eye or to the judgment, as starting the vaulting shaft from the floor line. The connection between the roofing and the plan may be further seen by looking at the portion of a mediaeval plan given under Fig. 110, where the dotted lines represent the course of the groin ribs of the roof above. It will be seen how completely these depend upon the plan, so that it is necessary to determine how the roof in a vaulted building is to be arranged before setting out the ground plan. [Footnote 4: This was illustrated by diagrams on the wall at the delivery of the lecture.]