the Franks after their king had been converted into the _Kaiser_ of the West; and as the old Allodial Stallr disappeared with the institutions of which he was a part, the office, which raised a subject to such a dangerous proximity to the throne, seems to have been divided between his subordinates. His leadership in war fell to the share of the _Constable_, the commander of the royal armies, in the absence of the king, whose name is derived from the same title of Stallr, held by a Comes, or Graphio, instead of by the _Heretoga_ of the whole kingdom. The _Mareschal_ had not yet arrived at the leadership of the army; his duties were still connected with the horse, but they had increased in dignity with the growing importance of the _Chevalerie_; for though not the head of the army, the representative of the royal farrier had become the captain and leader of the _Chivalry_ of the age. The judicial functions of the Stallr were performed by the _Grand Justiciary_, the President of the royal Courts of Law; whilst the _Seneschal_, who, though he retained his servile name, had, like the Mareschal, long discarded his servile origin, rose to the office of “Maire du Palais;” and in France he was also supreme over all the justiciaries. In Germany the Stallr was unknown, the Dukes of the Alamanni, Bavarians, and Saxons, having themselves been originally, in some sort, the Stallrs or Deputies of the king of the Franks; and by the time that the Empire passed to the eastward of the Rhine, the Court had become thoroughly Romanized, the Allodial Stallr never forming any part of it. His functions were accordingly divided between his two leading subordinates, the Seneschal and the Mareschal, the former being the _Pfaltz Graf_, or Count Palatine, and representing the Maire du Palais; whilst the Mareschal was the _Heretoga_, and leader of the host. Together with the three Chancellors and the Chamberlain, they were the first to give their votes at the election of a _Kaiser_, whom they were bound to accompany to Rome; and, in later times, with the subsequent addition of the Grand Butler, they were known as the seven Electors, monopolizing amongst themselves the sole choice of the Emperor.