[23] _An. Ult._ 793, 813. _Sim. Dun._ 793. _Innes_, Ap. No. V. _Myln, Vit. Ep. Dunk. Ford_, l. 4, c. 12. This is the earliest historical appearance of the _Vikings_ on the Scottish coasts. The name has no connection with _king_, being derived from _Vik_ a bay, _Viking_ a baysman. By northern law, every freeman was bound to be enrolled in a _Hafn_, and to contribute towards building and manning a ship for the royal service, the office of _Styresman_ being always hereditary in the family of an _Odal-Bonder_. Thus, the royal ship, authorized to kill, burn, and destroy in lawful warfare, sailed from the _Hafn_, whilst the rover on his own account, stigmatized in “degenerate days” as a pirate, put off from the _Vik_ or open bay. He was as little likely to sail from a royal _Hafn_, as a Highland chieftain bent upon a _creagh_ to issue from the royal castle of Inverness. Hence perhaps the name. [24] It must always be remembered, that the change of name from _Pict_ to _Scot_ was originally merely the substitution of one arbitrarily applied name for another--a change in the names used by chroniclers and annalists, not by the people themselves. The names of _Picti_ and _Scoti_ may be compared with those of _Germani_ and _Alamanni_, given arbitrarily to the people who called themselves by names which have now become _Deutsch_ and _Schwabe_. [25] _Cæs. de B. G._, l. 1, c. 16; l. 2, c. 4; l. 3, c. 17; l. 5, c. 11, 22, 25, 54; l. 6, c. 32; l. 7, c. 4, 32, 33,63. _Tac. Germ._, c. 12, 42. _Am. Marc._, l. 31, c. 3. _Bed. Hist. Eccl._, l. 5, c. 10. _Vergobretus_ is evidently the Latin form of _Fear-go-breith_, “the Man of law,” the _Breithimh_, _Brehon_, or _Breen_; the Celtic judge, _Toshach_, is derived from the same root as the Latin _Dux_; the Thessalian Τάγος and the German _Toga_ bear the same meaning. It is the title that appears on several of the early British coins under the Latin form of _Tascio_. [26] _Cæs de B. G._, l. 6, c. 10, 11. The _factio_ was evidently the result of Celtic _policy_, not of Celtic _temperament_, as has been too often represented. The policy may have gradually influenced the temperament rather than the temperament the policy. [27] _Cæs. de B. G._, l. 7, c. 88; l. 8, c. 12. [28] “Legibus æduorum, iis qui summum magistratum obtinuerent excedere ex finibus non liceret.”--_Cæs. de B. G._, l. 7, c. 33. [29] “Convictolitanem, qui per sacerdotes more civitatis ... esset creatus.”--_Cæs. de B. G._, l. 7, c. 33. [30] Some such a character still exists in Japan, which is under the divided rule of _two_ emperors; one a sacred puppet, nominally the head of the empire, but practically kept aloof from all mundane matters; the other known as the _Ziogoon_, or general, and the real ruler of the empire. This example of a _double head_ to an empire certainly bears some resemblance to the divided authority of the old Celtic system, or rather to what that divided authority might have become under certain circumstances.