[115] _Olaf Tryggvessonar Saga_ in _Col. de Reb. Alb._, p. 330, and _Antiq. Celt.-Scand._, p. 119. The battle must have been fought after 1005, the date of Malcolm’s accession, and before 1009, the year of Thorfin’s birth. The latter was five when his father was killed at Clontarf, bearing the fatal banner himself, for it seems to have acquired an evil reputation, and Hrafn the Red, on Sigurd committing it to his charge after the death of its first bearer, refused to lift it, adding somewhat unceremoniously, “Bear thine own devil thyself.”--(_Story of Burnt Njal_, c. 156.) [116] _Heimsk. Saga_ 7, c. 99, with the Sagas already quoted; _vide_ also the account of the battle of Clontarf in the Irish Annals. [117] _Chron. Sax._ 1016. _Sim. Dun. Twysden_, p. 81. [118] _Innes_, Ap. 4. _Sim. Dun. Hist. Dun._, l. 3, c. 5, 6--Do. _De obs. Dun._ p. 81, _de Gestis_ 1018. On comparing the passages of Simeon it is impossible to doubt that the cession of Lothian by Eadulf Cudel was the result of the battle of Carham, though there is an evident reluctance in the English chronicler to allude to the defeat and its consequences. The men of the Lothians, according to Wallingford, retained their laws and customs unaltered, and though the _authority_ is questionable, the _fact_ is probably true, for _Lothian_ law became eventually the basis of _Scottish_ law. Conquest indeed in these times did not alter the laws and customs of the conquered, unless where they come into contact and into opposition with those of the conquerors, and the men of the Lothians remained under the Scottish kings in much the same position as the men of Kent under the kings of Mercia and Wessex, probably exchanging the condition of a _harassed_ for that of a _favoured_ frontier province. [119] _Chron. Sax._ 1031. _MS. Cot. Tib._ B. iv. is the authority. Two later MSS. add the names of two other _kings_, Mælbeth and Jehmarc. Macbeth became Mormaor of Moray in the following year through the death of his kinsman Gilcomgain. These two kings reappear in the Heimskringla (_Saga_ 7, vol. 2, p. 196. _V._ also _Lodb. Quida_, p. 101), as “_Nordan of Skotlandi of Fifi_.” If _Fifi_ is here put for _Fiord Riki_, it is probably a mistake, for “the Firth kingdom” might mean Moray as well as Fife, and the name in this instance would be more appropriate to the former. [120] _An. Ult._ 1033. He is called M., son of Boedhe, probably Malcolm. [121] _Tigh._ 1034. _Wynton_, bk. 6, c. 10. _Fordun_, l. 4, c. 46. Angus was as fatal to Malcolm and his father Kenneth, as the neighbourhood of Forres had proved to the first Malcolm and his father Donald. [122] _Tigh._ 975–997. [123] _Sim. Dun. de Gestis_, 1018. _Lutinenses_ is evidently a clerical error for _Clutinenses_.