ancient kingdom between Dee and Spey into the two subordinate earldoms of Mar and Buchan, and the two lordships of Strathbogie and the Garioch, long retained by a member of the royal family. [127] This subject is further treated in _Appendices_ _D_ and _N_. [128] _Triocha-ced_ is the proper name, often rendered _Cantred_, but erroneously. The Irish _Triocha-ced_ was supposed to be a collection of thirty _Baille-biataghs_, or hundreds, each supposed to contain four hundred and eighty Irish acres, thus constituting a _Barony_ of _nominally_ 14,400 Irish acres (_A.F.M._, 1225, _Note_ S). The _Cantred_--the hundred _trefs_ or villages--belonged properly to Wales, and was supposed to contain 25,600 Welsh acres, answering rather to the Continental _Canton_. The Irish and Welsh _Cantred_, therefore, must not be considered identical. For _Thanes_, _V. Appendix N._ [129] There appears to have been the same difference amongst the ancient Irish between the _Brugaidh_ and the _Biotagh_, as between the _Bonder_ and _Landbu_ amongst the Scandinavians. The _Brugaidh_ was originally the free or adopted member of the Clan or _Cyn_, tracing his origin either really or theoretically to the founder of the race, and hence entitled to his free allotment, or _duchas_, of the tribe land; the freeholder, in short, deriving his name from his _Brugh_, _Burh_, or separate house, just as the _Bu-ander_ (Bonder) from his _Bu_--the _Hus-bond_; _V._ “_Hy Fiachrach_,” _passim_. The Biotagh was the man who held his land by paying _Biodh_--_Feorm_ or _rent_--the colonus _Geneat_ or tenant farmer, dwelling in the baille or village. The Brugaidh might have complained, like his type the Bonder, at a very early period, of being changed into a Biotagh or Land-Bu--made to pay rent; when his position must have somewhat resembled that of the Kentish _Alodiarius_ or Gaveller at the time of the Norman Conquest; but after the English invasion all distinction between the two classes was speedily forgotten, both merging in the _Villeinage_. In later times, indeed, the Biotagh occasionally appears to have been of more consequence than the Brugaidh, probably because members of the former class might be holders of a far wider extent of land than the small peasant proprietor, and of comparatively greater importance. Hence the _Ard-Biotagh_, sometimes met with in the Irish annals, was probably nothing more than “a great land-holder”,--the possessor of many “benefices” held by payment of Biodh or rent.--_V._ Appendix _O_.