(c) _Sunburn_ is produced by the sun, and is usually superficial, but may be quite severe. (d) _Frostbite_ is produced by freezing the tissues and is usually not dangerous. The more severe types will be treated later under Freezing. _Treatment_--(a) _Burns_; (b) _Scalds_ 1. Except in the minor burns and scalds, send for the doctor at once. 2. The first thing to do is allay pain by protecting the injured part from the air. 3. For a burn produced by fire, cover with a paste made of baking soda and water, or smear with grease--as lard, carron oil (mixture of linseed oil and lime water--half and half) or vaseline or calendula cerate. Cover with a piece of clean cloth or absorbent gauze and bandage loosely or tie in place. Gauze prepared with picric acid, if at hand, is a most satisfactory dressing. It can be purchased and kept on hand for emergencies. 4. In burns from alkalis or acids, wash off as quickly as possible and neutralize (make inactive the acids with baking soda, weak ammonia or soapsuds; the alkalis with vinegar or lemon juice). Afterward treat like other burns. (c) _Sunburn_ is an inflammation of the skin produced by the action of the sun's rays and may be prevented by gradually accustoming the skin to exposure to the sun. It is treated as are other minor burns. (d) _Frostbite_--_Prevention_--1. Wear sufficient clothing in cold weather and keep exposed parts, such as ears and fingers, covered. 2. Rub vigorously any part that has become cold. This brings the warm blood to the surface and prevents chilling. 3. Keep in action when exposed to the cold for any length of time. The signs of danger are sudden lack of feeling in an exposed part, and a noticeably white area. Chilblain is an example of frostbite. _Treatment_--The circulation of the blood through the frozen part must be restored gradually. This must be done by rubbing the part first with cold water, which will be slightly warmer than the frozen part, and _gradually_ warming the water until the circulation and warmth is fully restored. Then treat as a minor burn. If heat is applied suddenly it causes death of frozen parts. 3. SPLINTERS, SMALL CUTS, SCRATCHES AND PIN PRICKS None of these injuries will usually require a doctor if properly treated in the beginning. The bleeding from any of them is not sufficient to be dangerous. But whenever there is a break in the skin or mucous membrane there is danger of infection by germs, and this is what makes the first aid treatment in these cases so important. A tiny scratch is sometimes converted into a bad case of blood poisoning by not being properly treated at first. Splinters should be removed by using a needle (not a pin) which has been sterilized by passing it through a flame (the flame of a match will do if nothing better is at hand). After the splinter is out, the wound is treated like a cut or scratch.