Henry VII., 1485–1509. Charles VIII.,1483–98. Henry VIII., 1509–47. Louis XII., 1498–1515. Edward VI., 1547–53. Francis I., 1515–47. Mary, 1553–58. Henry II., 1547–59. Elizabeth, 1558–1603. Francis II., 1559–60. Charles IX., 1560–74. Henry III., 1574–89. SPAIN Granada, taken by Ferdinand and Isabella, the sovereigns of Aragon and Castile (“Los Reyes Catolicos”) in 1492. Their daughter, Joanna, married Philip, son of the Emperor Maximilian of Germany. Ferdinand died 1516, and was succeeded by Charles V., son of Philip and Joanna, as King of Spain, in 1517. On the death of his grandfather Maximilian, in 1519, Charles was elected Emperor of Germany. He resigned all his dignities and retired to the monastery of Yuste in 1555, and was succeeded by his son, Philip II. Charles died 1558. Philip II., who married as his first wife Mary Tudor, of England, reigned from 1555 till 1598. SULTANS OF TURKEY Bajazet II., 1481–1512; Selim the Cruel, 1512–20; Soliman the Magnificent, 1520–66; Selim II., known to the Spaniards as “el bebedor” (the drunkard), 1566–74; Murad III., 1574–95. POPES OF ROME Pius III., 1503; Julius II., 1503; Leo X., 1513; Hadrian VI., 1522; Clement VII., 1523; Paul III., 1534; Julius III., 1550; Marcellus II., 1555; Paul IV., 1555; Pius IV., 1559; Pius V., 1566; Gregory XIII., 1572; Sixtus V., 1585. GRAND MASTERS OF THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA Pierre d’Aubusson, 1476–1503; Emeri d’Amboise, 1503–13; Fabrice Carette, 1513–21; Villiers de L’Isle Adam, 1521–36; Juan d’Omedes, 1536–53; Claude de la Sangle, 1553–57; Jean Parisot de la Valette, 1557–68; Pierre Dumont, 1568–72; Jean Levesque de la Cassière, 1572–82. DISTANCES IN SEA MILES ON THE COAST OF NORTHERN AFRICA Gibraltar to Oran 225’ Oran to Tenes 110’ Tenes to Shershell 41’ Shershell to Algiers 40’ Algiers to Bona 104’ Bona to Jigelli 30’ Jigelli to Bizerta 205’ Bizerta to Tunis 55’ Tunis to Susa 120’ Susa to Sfax 86’ Sfax to Jerbah, otherwise known as Los Gelues 54’ Jerbah to Tripoli 130’ Gibraltar to Algiers 410’ Algiers to Tunis 391’ Algiers to Tenes 91’ Tunis to Malta 232’ Malta to Tripoli in Barbary 200’ Tripoli to Cape Serrano 350’ Jerbah to Malta 210’ INDEX