In the mathematical formulas, superscripts and subscripts are represented by surrounding with curly brackets; in the case of subscripts, the leading bracket is preceded by an underscore, and in the case of superscripts, it is preceded by a caret. In the simple case of a single superscripted character, a caret may precede the character without any brackets. An example is: L_{T}=L_{O}e-^{T/2N}