[Illustration: FIG. 55.–Symbols of the history of the universe used by the ancient Chinese philosopher Chu-Hsi. _A_, The original "void." _B_, The great monad. _C_, The monad divides into two, male and female. _D_, The halves in rotatory movement, suggested by the S-like bending of the dividing line or diameter of the circle.] [Illustration: FIG. 56.–Diagrams to show the possible derivation of the swastika from the inscription of two S-like lines (or "ogees") within a circle so as to divide the circle into four bent cones. _B_ and _C_ are ogee and rectangular swastikas easily produced by modification of the encircled figure.] Fig. 54 represents a remarkable design which is a sort of national emblem, a universally accepted badge of triumph and honour in Japan, and is called "Tomoye"–meaning "triumph." The black and white portions are in that country painted respectively red and yellow. It is simply a circle divided into two equal cone-like figures by the inscription within it of a doubly-curved line like the letter S. Where and how did the Japanese get this badge? Who invented it, or from what natural object is it copied? A modified Tomoye with the cones dislocated is used as the national flag of Korea. A single one of these curious, tapering, one-sided cones is closely similar to the cone-like figures sometimes called "pines" which one sees on Indian shawls. The origin of these is sometimes said to be a copying of some fruit or vegetable growth, but is really not ascertained–and is possibly half of a Tomoye! A great circular altar-stone has been found in Central America, 5 ft. across, divided by a deep S-shaped groove into two equal one-sided cones (Fig. 59) like the Tomoye. The figure formed by an S within a circle is found in the writings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Chu-Hsi. He gives a series of symbols representing (according to him) the history of the universe. They are shown in Fig. 55, and are explained as follows. The empty circle A represents the original "void"–the boundary line is conventional. After untold æons the great monad appeared. It is represented by B. Then we get the division of the great monad (now called "Tai-I") into two, shown in C of our Fig. 55–singularly recalling the division of the nucleated cell or protoplasmic unit of animal and vegetable structure. The two halves, however, in this case represent the feminine called "Yin" and the masculine called "Yang." The last drawing, D of Fig. 55, shows the Yin and the Yang in rotatory motion. This is indicated by the S-like bending of the diameter, and the consequent formation of a figure like the Tomoye. By this motion the visible universe is supposed–by the philosopher Chu-Hsi–to be produced. The figure marked D is described as a "cosmological symbol." It does not help us to the origin of the figure showing the division of the circle as in the Tomoye, for it dates only from about the twelfth century of our era.