[205] The real name of ~Voltaire~ was ~François Marie Arouet~. The name Voltaire was assumed in 1718 and is supposed to be an anagram of Arouet le j(eune). PAGE 154 [206] See _Function of Criticism, Selections_, p. 36.[Transcriber's note: This approximates to the section following the text reference for Footnote 36 in this e-text.] [207] ~Louis IX of France~ (1215-70), the leader of the crusade of 1248. PAGE 155 [208] ~The Saturday Review~, begun in 1855, was pronouncedly conservative in politics. It devoted much space to pure criticism and scholarship, and Arnold's essays are frequently criticized in its columns. [209] He died on the 17th of March, A.D. 180.[Arnold.] PAGE 156 [210] ~Juvenal's sixth satire~ is a scathing arraignment of the vices and follies of the women of Rome during the reign of Domitian. [211] See Juvenal, _Sat._ 3, 76. [212] Because he lacks an inspired poet (to sing his praises). Horace, _Odes_, IV, 9, 28. PAGE 157 [213] ~Avidius Cassius~, a distinguished general, declared himself Emperor in Syria in 176 A.D. Aurelius proceeded against him, deploring the necessity of taking up arms against a trusted officer. Cassius was slain by his own officers while M. Aurelius was still in Illyria. [214] ~Commodus~. Emperor of Rome, 180-192 A.D. He was dissolute and tyrannical. [215] ~Attalus~, a Roman citizen, was put to death with other Christians in A.D. 177. [216] ~Polycarp~, Bishop of Smyrna, and one of the Apostolic Fathers, suffered martyrdom in 155 A.D. PAGE 159 [217] ~Tacitus~, _Ab Excessu Augusti_, XV, 44. PAGE 161 [218] ~Claude Fleury~ (1640-1723), French ecclesiastical historian, author of the _Histoire Ecclésiastique_, 20 vols., 1691. PAGE 163 [219] _Med._, I, 12. [220] _Ibid._, I, 14. [221] _Ibid._, IV, 24. PAGE 164 [222] _Ibid._, III, 4. PAGE 165 [223] _Ibid._, V, 6. [224] _Ibid._, IX, 42. [225] ~Lucius Annæus Seneca~ (c. 3 B.C.-A.D. 65), statesman and philosopher. His twelve so-called _Dialogues_ are Stoic sermons of a practical and earnest character. PAGE 166 [226] _Med._, III, 2. PAGE 167 [227] _Ibid._, V, 5. [228] _Ibid._, VIII, 34. PAGE 168 [229] _Ibid._, IV, 3. PAGE 169 [230] _Ibid._, I, 17. [231] ~Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Domitian~. Roman Emperors, 14-37 A.D., 37-41 A.D., 54-68 A.D., and 81-96 A.D. [232] _Med._, IV, 28. [233] _Ibid._, V, 11. PAGE 170 [234] _Ibid._, X, 8. PAGE 171 [235] _Ibid._, IV, 32. [236] _Ibid._, V, 33. [237] _Ibid._, IX, 30. [238] _Ibid._, VII, 55. PAGE 172 [239] _Ibid._, VI, 48. [240] _Ibid._, IX, 3. PAGE 173 [241] Matt. XVII, 17. [242] _Med._, X, 15. [243] _Ibid._, VI, 45. [244] _Ibid._, V, 8. [245] _Ibid._, VII, 55. PAGE 174 [246] _Ibid._, IV, 1. [247] _Ibid._, X, 31. [248] _Ibid._ PAGE 175 [249] ~Alogi~. An ancient sect that rejected the Apocalypse and the Gospel of St. John.